Ib qho yuav tsum muaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kev lag luam tooj liab ~ Cov ntsiab lus dav dav tshaj plaws, kev faib tawm thiab kev siv tooj liab hauv keeb kwm
Taw qhia: tooj liab yog siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam hlau, alloys thiab compounds. Nws kuj tau nkag mus tob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab lub neej, dhau los ua cov hlau tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kom ua tiav txoj kev loj hlob sai hauv lub xyoo pua 21st.
Kev txhais ntawm tooj liab
Tooj liab yog cov khoom siv tshuaj nrog cov cim tshuaj Cu thiab tus lej atomic 29. Nws yog cov hlau hloov pauv. Kev siv tooj liab feem ntau yog los ua cov xov hlau. Feem ntau, cov xov hlau siv tam sim no yog ua los ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab. Qhov no yog vim nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj, tab sis nws yog pheej yig dua li nyiaj.
Kev faib tawm
Coob leej xav tias tsuas muaj ib hom tooj liab xwb. Nws yog tib tug. Tab sis qhov tseeb, muaj lwm yam sib txawv ntawm tooj liab. Piv txwv li, alloy tooj liab; tooj dag yog ib qho alloy uas muaj tooj liab thiab zinc; tooj liab dawb yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee; bronze yog ib qho hlau uas tsim los ntawm tooj liab thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog zinc thiab npib tsib xee, feem ntau yog tin bronze, aluminium bronze, thiab lwm yam; liab tooj liab yog tooj liab nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab, thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm yam impurities tsawg dua 1%.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab: tooj liab sulfate, tooj liab chloride, tooj liab rods, tooj liab tuav, tooj liab ingots, tooj liab daim hlau, tooj liab hlau, tooj liab alloys, tooj liab crude, tooj liab strips, tooj liab oxide, tooj liab ntawv ci, tooj liab raj, tooj liab ntawv ci, , tooj liab castings, electrolytic tooj liab, thiab lwm yam khoom siv tooj liab alloy tooj liab.
Cov khoom siv tooj liab ua los ntawm cov tooj liab dawb lossis tooj liab alloys nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab, nrog rau cov pas nrig, xov hlau, daim hlau, strips, tuav, raj, foils, thiab lwm yam., yog cov khoom siv tooj liab. Cov khoom siv tooj liab yog ua tiav los ntawm dov, extrusion thiab kos duab. Cov phaj tooj liab thiab cov tuav yog kub-dov thiab txias-dov; strips thiab foils yog txias dov; cov raj thiab tuav tau muab faib ua cov khoom extruded thiab kos cov khoom; hlau yog tag nrho cov khoom kos.
1
Ntshiab tooj liab
Cov tooj liab ntshiab yog cov hlau liab liab, uas dhau los ua ntshav tom qab ib zaj duab xis tooj liab oxide tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam ntshiab tooj liab feem ntau hu ua liab tooj liab lossis electrolytic tooj liab. Qhov ceev yog 8 ~ 9g / cm3, thiab melting point yog 1083 degree. Ntshiab tooj liab muaj hluav taws xob zoo conductivity thiab yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov xov hlau, cables, txhuam hniav, thiab lwm yam.; nws muaj cov thermal conductivity zoo thiab feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov cuab yeej sib nqus thiab cov ntsuas uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sib nqus, xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov cuab yeej siv dav hlau, thiab lwm yam.; nws muaj cov yas zoo heev thiab yooj yim rau kev kub xovxwm thiab txias txheej txheem, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov raj, rods, xov hlau, strips, strips, daim hlau, foils, thiab lwm yam khoom siv tooj liab. Cov khoom siv tooj liab ntshiab yog cov khoom smelted thiab cov khoom ua tiav.
Suav tooj liab ua cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg raws li lawv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg: tooj liab zoo tib yam (T1, T2, T3, T4), tooj liab tsis muaj oxygen (TU1, TU2 thiab siab-purity, nqus pa tsis muaj tooj liab), deoxidized tooj liab ( TUP, TUMn), thiab tooj liab tshwj xeeb nrog me me ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy (arsenic tooj liab, tellurium tooj liab, nyiaj tooj liab).
Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab ntshiab yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj, thiab nws yog dav siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductive. Tooj liab muaj corrosion kuj zoo nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, dej hiav txwv, tej yam uas tsis yog-oxidizing acids (hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid), alkalis, ntsev tov thiab ntau yam organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid), thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tooj liab muaj qhov zoo weldability thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv ntau yam khoom ua tiav thiab tiav los ntawm kev ua cov yas txias thiab kub. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov khoom siv tooj liab tau tshaj tawm tag nrho ntawm lwm hom tooj liab alloys.
Cov kab impurities hauv cov tooj liab ntshiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Ntawm lawv, titanium, phosphorus, hlau, silicon, thiab lwm yam ua rau txo cov hluav taws xob conductivity, thaum cadmium, zinc, thiab lwm yam muaj cov nyhuv me me. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, thiab lwm yam. muaj cov khoom solubility tsawg heev hauv tooj liab thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib txuas nrog tooj liab, uas tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau conductivity, tab sis tuaj yeem txo cov txheej txheem plasticity. Thaum cov tooj liab zoo tib yam yog cua sov hauv qhov chaw uas muaj hydrogen lossis carbon monoxide, hydrogen los yog carbon monoxide yooj yim reacts nrog cuprous oxide (Cu2O) ntawm cov ciam teb los tsim cov dej kub los yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tooj liab tawg. Qhov tshwm sim no feem ntau hu ua "hydrogen kab mob" ntawm tooj liab. Oxygen yog teeb meem rau lub weldability ntawm tooj liab. Bismuth los yog txhuas ua cov ntsiab lus qis melting eutectic nrog tooj liab, ua rau tooj liab kub thiab nkig; thiab thaum brittle bismuth tau muab faib rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaj duab xis nyias ntawm cov ciam teb, nws ua rau tooj liab txias thiab nkig. Phosphorus tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab, tab sis nws tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj dej ntawm cov kua tooj liab thiab txhim kho weldability. Kev tsim nyog ntawm cov hlau lead, tellurium, sulfur, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.
2
tooj dag
Brass yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc. Cov tooj dag yooj yim tshaj plaws yog binary alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc, hu ua tooj dag yooj yim lossis tooj dag zoo tib yam. Hloov cov ntsiab lus zinc hauv tooj dag tuaj yeem tsim cov tooj dag nrog cov khoom sib txawv. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus zinc hauv tooj dag, nws lub zog ntau dua thiab qis dua nws cov plasticity. Cov ntsiab lus zinc ntawm tooj dag siv hauv kev lag luam tsis tshaj 45%. Cov ntsiab lus zinc ntau dua yuav ua rau brittleness thiab deteriorate kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau. Brass tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: casting thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.
Brass yog muab faib ua:
1) Ordinary tooj dag
Nws yog ib qho alloy uas muaj tooj liab thiab zinc. Thaum cov ntsiab lus zinc tsawg dua 39%, zinc tuaj yeem yaj hauv tooj liab los ua ib theem, hu ua ib-theem tooj dag, nrog cov yas zoo thiab haum rau kev ua haujlwm kub thiab txias. Thaum cov ntsiab lus zinc ntau dua 39%, muaj ib theem thiab cov tooj liab-zinc-based b solid tov, hu ua duplex tooj dag. b ua rau cov yas me me thiab lub zog tensile nce, uas tsuas yog haum rau kev ua haujlwm kub.
Tus lej yog sawv cev los ntawm "H + tus lej", H sawv cev rau tooj dag, thiab tus lej sawv cev rau feem ntau ntawm tooj liab. Piv txwv li, H68 sawv cev rau tooj dag nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntawm 68% thiab zinc cov ntsiab lus ntawm 32%; cam khwb cia tooj dag muaj "Z" ua ntej tus lej, xws li ZH62.
H90 thiab H80 yog ib-theem thiab golden daj, yog li lawv tau sau ua ke hu ua kub, hu ua plating, decorations, medals, thiab lwm yam. H68 thiab H59 yog ib tug duplex tooj dag, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li bolts, ceev, washers, springs, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau, ib leeg-theem tooj dag yog siv rau kev ua kom txias deformation, thiab duplex tooj dag yog siv rau kev ua kub deformation.
2) tooj dag tshwj xeeb
Cov khoom siv ntau lub ntsiab lus sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus alloying ntxiv rau cov tooj dag zoo tib yam hu ua tooj dag. Feem ntau cov khoom ntxiv muaj xws li txhuas, tin, txhuas, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem hu ua txhuas tooj dag, tooj dag, thiab txhuas tooj dag raws li. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying. Nws yog tsuas yog los txhim kho tensile lub zog thiab processability.
Code: "H + lub cim ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntxiv (tshwj tsis yog zinc) + pawg loj ntawm tooj liab + pawg pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv + pawg loj ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus".
Piv txwv li: HPb 59-1 txhais tau hais tias txhuas tooj dag nrog ib feem ntawm 59% tooj liab, ib feem ntawm 1% ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntxiv lead, thiab cov seem yog zinc.
3
Bronze
Bronze yog cov khoom siv thaum ntxov tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm. Nws Ameslikas hais txog tooj liab-tin alloy. Vim nws cov xim xiav-grey, nws hu ua bronze. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev ua tau zoo thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau, feem ntau cov bronzes kuj tseem ntxiv nrog lwm cov hlau alloying, xws li txhuas, zinc, phosphorus, thiab lwm yam. hauv kev lag luam. Lawv tsis yog pheej yig xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau ua. Bronze kuj tau muab faib ua ob pawg: kev ua haujlwm siab thiab cov khoom siv casting.
Code: Txoj kev sawv cev yog tsim los ntawm "Q + lub cim thiab pawg loj ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv + cov feem ntau ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus". Rau cov khoom cam khwb cia, "Z" yog ntxiv ua ntej cov cai, xws li: Qal7 sawv cev rau txhuas bronze nrog 5% txhuas thiab tus so tooj liab; ZQsn10-1 sawv cev rau cam khwb cia tin bronze nrog 10% tin, 1% lwm yam alloying ntsiab, thiab lwm yam tooj liab. Bronze yuav muab faib ua ob pawg: tin bronze thiab tshwj xeeb bronze (ie Wuxi bronze).
(1) Copper-tin alloy nrog tin yog lub ntsiab ntxiv, tseem hu ua tin bronze
Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin tsawg dua 5 ~ 6%, tin dissolves nyob rau hauv tooj liab los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem, thiab cov yas nce ntxiv. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin ntau dua 5 ~ 6%, vim qhov pom ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj raws li Cu31Sb8, lub zog tensile txo. Yog li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tin bronze yog feem ntau ntawm 3 ~ 14%. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin tsawg dua 5%, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua kom txias deformation, thiab thaum cov ntsiab lus tin yog 5 ~ 7%, nws yog tsim rau kub deformation ua. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin ntau dua 10%, nws tsim nyog rau casting.
Txij li thaum ib tug nyob ze rau lub electrode muaj peev xwm, thiab cov tin nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim ib tug ntom tin dioxide zaj duab xis tom qab nitridation, corrosion kuj rau cov huab cua thiab dej hiav txwv nce, tab sis cov acid kuj tsis zoo.
Vim hais tias qhov kub ntawm crystallization ntawm tin bronze yog dav, lub fluidity tsis zoo, nws tsis yog yooj yim los tsim cov concentrated shrinkage kab noj hniav, tab sis nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau tsim dendrite segregation thiab dispersed shrinkage kab noj hniav, thiab cov casting shrinkage tus nqi me me, uas yog conducive. kom tau txais castings nrog qhov ntau thiab tsawg ze rau cov pwm casting. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim rau casting tej yam kev mob nrog complex duab thiab tuab phab ntsa, tab sis tsis haum rau castings yuav tsum tau siab ceev thiab zoo sealing. Tin bronze muaj kev sib txhuam zoo txo, antimagnetism thiab qis-kub toughness. Tin bronze tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg raws li cov txheej txheem ntau lawm: lub zog ua tiav tin bronze thiab cam khwb cia tin bronze.
A. Siab ua tiav tin bronze
Cov ntsiab lus tin feem ntau tsawg dua 8%, thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm txias thiab kub ua rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li daim hlau, strips, rods, thiab hlab. Tom qab hardening, nws lub zog tensile thiab hardness nce, thaum nws plasticity txo. Tom qab annealing, nws tuaj yeem tuav lub zog tensile siab thaum txhim kho plasticity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tau txais kev txwv siab elastic. Qsn4-3Qsn6.5~0.1 feem ntau yog siv rau corrosion-resistant thiab hnav-resistant qhov chaw, elastic qhov chaw, anti-magnetic qhov chaw, thiab zawv zawg bearings thiab lub tes tsho hauv tshuab.
B. Cam khwb cia hlau bronze
Nws yog muab los ua ingots thiab cam khwb cia rau hauv castings los ntawm lub foundry. Nws yog tsim rau casting castings nrog complex duab tab sis tsawg ntom yuav tsum tau, xws li zawv zawg bearings thiab zog. Feem ntau siv yog ZQsn10-1ZQsn6-6-3.
2) Cov tooj liab tshwj xeeb
Ntxiv lwm cov khoom los hloov cov tin, lossis nws yog tin-dawb bronze. Feem ntau cov bronze tshwj xeeb muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua, hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion tsis kam tshaj tin bronze. Feem ntau siv yog txhuas bronze (QAL7QAL5) thiab txhuas bronze (ZQPB30).
Cov tooj liab-raws li alloy nrog npib tsib xee ua lub ntsiab ntxiv yog silvery dawb thiab hu ua dawb tooj liab. Cov ntsiab lus nickel feem ntau yog 10%, 15%, thiab 20%. Cov ntsiab lus siab dua, cov xim dawb. Cov tooj liab-nickel binary alloy yog hu ua dawb tooj liab, thiab tooj liab-nickel alloy nrog manganese, hlau, zinc thiab txhuas yog hu ua complex dawb tooj liab. Ntshiab tooj liab ntxiv rau npib tsib xee tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, tiv thaiv corrosion, tsis kam thiab thermoelectric zog. Kev lag luam dawb tooj liab tau muab faib ua cov qauv dawb tooj liab thiab hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab raws li nws cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo thiab kev siv, uas ua tau raws li ntau yam kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob thiab thermal zog.
4
Dawb tooj liab
Cov tooj liab-raws li alloy nrog npib tsib xee ua lub ntsiab ntxiv yog silvery dawb thiab hu ua dawb tooj liab. Cov tooj liab-nickel binary alloy yog hu ua dawb tooj liab, thiab tooj liab-nickel alloy nrog manganese, hlau, zinc thiab txhuas yog hu ua complex dawb tooj liab. Ntshiab tooj liab ntxiv rau npib tsib xee tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, tiv thaiv corrosion, tsis kam thiab thermoelectric zog. Kev lag luam dawb tooj liab tau muab faib ua cov qauv dawb tooj liab thiab hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab raws li nws cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo thiab kev siv, uas ua tau raws li ntau yam kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob thiab thermal zog.
Kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej
Dawb tooj liab, tooj dag, tooj liab liab (tseem hu ua "liab tooj liab"), thiab tooj liab (xiav-grey lossis grey-daj) yog qhov txawv ntawm cov xim. Ntawm lawv, tooj liab dawb thiab tooj dag yog qhov yooj yim heev kom paub qhov txawv; tooj liab liab yog tooj liab ntshiab (impurities<1%) and bronze (other alloy components about 5%) is slightly difficult to distinguish. When not oxidized, red copper is brighter than bronze, and bronze is slightly blue or dark yellow; after oxidation, red copper turns black, and bronze is blue-green (harmful oxidation due to high water content) or chocolate color.
Tooj liab yog cov hlau qub tshaj plaws siv los ntawm tib neeg cov poj koob yawm txwv. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom zoo heev thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, uas tsis tsuas yog ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg lub neej; tab sis kuj tsis tu ncua tsim tshiab siv nrog kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej. Tooj liab yog ob qho tib si qub hlau thiab niaj hnub engineering khoom uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj zog. Tam sim no, tib neeg tau nkag mus rau hauv cov yeeb yuj, muaj kev vam meej hauv zej zog uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, uas tau qhib rau thaj av dav rau kev siv tooj liab.
