Kev paub txog tooj liab
Tooj liab yog hlau siv los ntawm tib neeg ua ntej. Raws li thaum ntxov ua ntej keeb kwm, tib neeg pib mine qhib-qhov tooj liab mines thiab siv tooj liab lawv tau los ua riam phom, cuab yeej thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Kev siv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev nce qib ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej thaum ntxov. Tooj liab yog ib yam hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab dej hiav txwv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog hais txog 0.01%, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co tooj liab deposits, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3-5%. Feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim yog cov tebchaw, uas yog tooj liab minerals. Copper minerals aggregate nrog rau lwm yam minerals los tsim tooj liab ore. Cov mined tooj liab ore dhau los ua tooj liab mloog zoo nrog qib tooj liab siab tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig.
1. Kev ua tau zoo
Tooj liab muaj lub cev zoo thiab tshuaj lom neeg xws li hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion kuj thiab ductility. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj. Cov tooj liab ntshiab tuaj yeem kos rau hauv cov hlau zoo heev thiab ua rau hauv cov ntawv ci tooj liab heev. Cov ntu tshiab ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog sawv liab, tab sis tom qab tooj liab oxide zaj duab xis yog tsim rau saum npoo, qhov tsos yog xim liab-liab, yog li nws feem ntau hu ua liab tooj liab.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov tooj liab ntshiab, tooj liab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov tin, zinc, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam hlau los tsim cov alloys nrog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, xws li tooj liab, tooj dag thiab dawb tooj liab. Thaum zinc ntxiv rau cov tooj liab ntshiab (99.99%), nws hu ua tooj dag. Piv txwv li, cov raj tooj liab zoo tib yam nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntawm 80% thiab zinc cov ntsiab lus ntawm 20% yog siv rau hauv condensers ntawm cov nroj tsuag fais fab thiab tsheb radiators; Ntxiv nickel yog hu ua tooj liab dawb, thiab tus so yog hu ua bronze. Tsuas yog zinc thiab npib tsib xee, tag nrho cov tooj liab alloys nrog lwm cov hlau yog hu ua tooj liab. Yam dab tsi ntxiv yog hu ua dab tsi element. Lub ntsiab bronzes yog tin phosphor bronze thiab beryllium bronze. Piv txwv li, tin bronze muaj keeb kwm ntev heev ntawm daim ntawv thov hauv kuv lub teb chaws. Nws yog siv los nrum tswb, tripods, suab paj nruag thiab cov khoom siv fij tseg. Tin bronze kuj tseem siv tau ua bearings, bushings thiab hnav-resistant qhov chaw.
Sib txawv ntawm cov conductivity ntawm ntshiab tooj liab, nrog kev pab los ntawm alloying, lub zog thiab corrosion kuj ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem txhim kho zoo heev. Qee cov alloys no hnav-tiv taus thiab muaj cov khoom zoo casting, thaum lwm tus muaj cov khoom siv zoo thiab corrosion kuj.
2. Siv
Vim yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws saum toj no, tooj liab muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam. Xws li kev lag luam hluav taws xob, tshuab tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los, kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, tooj liab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob los tsim cov xov hlau, kev sib txuas lus cables thiab lwm yam khoom tiav xws li lub cev muaj zog, lub tshuab hluav taws xob rotors thiab cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, meters, thiab lwm yam, uas suav txog li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam. . Tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub computer chips, integrated circuits, transistors, luam Circuit Court boards thiab lwm yam khoom siv thiab khoom siv. Piv txwv li, transistor leads siv heev conductive thiab thermally conductive chromium-zirconium tooj liab alloys. Tsis ntev los no, IBM, lub tuam txhab muaj npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb, tau siv tooj liab los hloov cov txhuas hauv silicon chips, uas yog ib qho kev hloov tshiab hauv kev siv tib neeg cov hlau qub tshaj plaws hauv semiconductor technology.
Nyob rau nruab nrab -1980s, kev lag luam hluav taws xob suav nrog ntau qhov kev siv tooj liab zoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv thiab Western European lub tebchaws, thiab Tuam Tshoj tsis muaj kev zam. Txij li thaum xyoo 1990, kev siv tooj liab rau cov kav dej hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam tau nce ntxiv, dhau los ua cov neeg siv tooj liab loj tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws. Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom luam tawm los ntawm Copper Development Association (CDA) hauv New York: Xyoo 1997, kev tsim kho kev lag luam tseem yog qhov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Kev tsim kho kev lag luam feem ntau siv tooj liab qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion los tsim cov kav dej, lub ru tsev thiab lwm yam khoom siv dej thiab cov kav dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj yog siv rau lub tsev kho kom zoo nkauj vim nws zoo nkauj tsos. Kev siv tooj liab hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam yog thawj zaug hauv tag nrho cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
Raws li kev txheeb cais sab hauv los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Nonferrous Metals Group, xyoo 1997, kev lag luam hluav taws xob (xws li cov xov hlau thiab cables) suav txog 77.7% ntawm kuv lub teb chaws siv tooj liab, dhau los ua lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau tooj liab.
