Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau siv dav tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, nyiam rau nws cov hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, thiab ductility. Ntawm ntau cov tooj liab alloys thiab qib, tooj liab C110, C1100, thiab C11000 nquag tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev lag luam, thiab engineering.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm tooj liab C110, C1100, thiab C11000
Cov qhab nia no feem ntau tsis meej pem vim lawv qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis lawv muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab kev siv. Kab lus no muab kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb txog tooj liab C110, C1100, thiab C11000, txheeb xyuas lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom, cov qauv, kev tsim khoom, kev siv, thiab kev sib piv.
Tooj liab, nrog rau cov cim tshuaj Cu thiab atomic tooj 29, yog cov hlau liab uas tau raug mined thiab siv txij thaum ub los. Nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no yog los ntawm nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab thermal conductivity, ua rau nws yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov kav dej, thiab cov tshuab ua haujlwm. C110, C1100, thiab C11000 xa mus rau cov qib tshwj xeeb ntawm tooj liab, tag nrho cov poob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntshiab tooj liab nrog cov purity feem ntau tshaj 99.9%. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev xaiv qib no tau cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv, suav nrog Uniform Numbering System (UNS) ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Nyij Pooj Cov Qauv (JIS), thiab lwm yam qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Kev nkag siab txog cov npe qib no yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas lawv cov keeb kwm kev txhim kho, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub cev muaj zog, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv tshuab, thiab kev siv tswv yim.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qib tooj liab yog lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov khoom thiab kev siv. Tag nrho peb lub npe -C110, C1100, thiab C11000- sawv cev rau cov tooj liab siab ntshiab, tab sis qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv cov qib impurity thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen cais lawv.
Tooj C110
Copper C110 feem ntau nkag siab tias Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) tooj liab, qib refined los ntawm cov txheej txheem electrolytic uas ua rau cov ntsiab lus tooj liab tsawg kawg yog 99.90%. Qhov seem 0.10% muaj cov pa oxygen (feem ntau 0.02-0.04%), nrog rau cov khoom tsis huv xws li hlau, sulfur, thiab phosphorus. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen yog txhob txwm tshaj tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua kom zoo dua qub, qhia los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov tooj liab rau huab cua lossis oxygen- thaj chaw nplua nuj. Cov pa oxygen no reacts nrog impurities los tsim oxides uas tuaj yeem skimmed tawm, txhim kho purity thaum tawm hauv cov khoom seem yaj hauv cov hlau. Qhov tseeb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm C110 yuav txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm tus neeg xa khoom lossis cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nws zoo sib xws nrog UNS C11000 specifications.
tooj liab C1100
Raws li JIS H3100, Copper C1100 txhais tau tias yog ib qho nyuaj pitch tooj liab nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tooj liab ntsiab lus ntawm 99.90%. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsom iav ntawm C110 thiab C11000, nrog cov pa oxygen li ntawm 0.02% txog 0.04%, thiab cov kab tsis huv xws li hlau (txog 0.005%), sulfur (txog 0.005%), thiab phosphorus (txog 0.001%). JIS tus qauv qhia txog qhov sib xws hauv kev sib xyaw kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam hauv cov ntawv thov xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Thaum C1100 yog tshuaj zoo ib yam rau C11000 feem ntau ntawm kev hwm, nws qhov kev xaiv qhia txog kev tsim khoom ntawm Nyij Pooj thiab cov txheej txheem kuaj, uas yuav txawv me ntsis ntawm Asmeskas cov qauv.
tooj liab C11000
UNS C11000, tseem hu ua Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) tooj liab, yog tus qauv raws li ASTM B152 thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb. Nws boasts qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tooj liab cov ntsiab lus ntawm 99.90%, nrog cov pa oxygen feem ntau ntawm 0.02% thiab 0.04%. UNS system tso cai rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.005% hlau, 0.005% sulfur, thiab 0.004% phosphorus, txawm tias cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis raws li tus qauv ASTM tshwj xeeb (xws li ASTM B187 rau cov tuav lossis ASTM B370 rau cov ntawv). Cov pa oxygen hauv C11000 ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li hauv C110- txhim kho kev ua kom zoo dua qub-tab sis nws lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab weldability, raws li tau tham tom qab.
| Element | C110 (Tswj, %) | C1100 (JIS H3100, %) | C11000 (UNS, %) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copper (Cu) | 99,90 nqi | 99,90 nqi | 99,90 nqi |
| Cov pa oxygen (O) | 0.02–0.04 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.02–0.04 |
| Hlau (Fe) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 |
| Sulfur (S) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.005 |
| Phosphorus (P) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.004 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.001 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.004 |
| Lwm yam impurities | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.01 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.01 | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.01 |
Lub cev muaj zog
Qhov ntom
Tag nrho peb qib muaj qhov ceev ntawm kwv yees li 8.94 g / cm³ ntawm 20 degree, feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab. Tus nqi no qhia txog qhov ze- ntim ntsej muag-centered cubic (FCC) siv lead ua qauv ntawm tooj liab, uas tseem nyob ruaj khov ntawm cov alloys no. Kev hloov pauv hauv qhov ntom ntom vim yog cov kab tsis huv lossis cov pa oxygen yog qhov tsis zoo thiab poob rau hauv kev ntsuas yuam kev.
Melting Point
Lub melting point ntawm C110, C1100, thiab C11000 yog kwv yees li 1,083℃(1,981℃F), tus qauv melting point ntawm ntshiab tooj liab. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab kab kawm tsis cuam tshuam qhov txiaj ntsig no, vim tias lawv cov concentrations tsawg dhau los cuam tshuam rau cov qauv lattice ntau heev. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum melting, cov pa oxygen hauv ETP tooj liab tuaj yeem tsim tooj liab oxide (Cu₂O), cuam tshuam rau txheej txheem casting.
Hluav taws xob conductivity
Hluav taws xob conductivity yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qib tooj liab, ntsuas raws li qhov feem pua ntawm International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), qhov twg tooj liab ntshiab txhais tau tias yog 100% IACS (58.0 MS / m ntawm 20 degree). C110, C1100, thiab C11000 tsis tu ncua ua tiav 100-101% IACS, ua rau lawv ntawm cov hlau feem ntau. Qhov me ntsis ntau tshaj 100% hauv qee qhov qauv tshwm sim los ntawm cov teebmeem annealing lossis ntsuas qhov tseeb es tsis yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen, thaum tsawg heev, tuaj yeem tsim cov oxide suav nrog uas txo qis kev coj mus rau hauv cov khoom siv tsis zoo, txawm tias qhov no tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv siab - kev tsim khoom zoo.
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity rau cov qib no yog kwv yees li 401 W / m·K ntawm 20 degree, qhia txog tooj liab lub peev xwm los hloov cov cua sov kom zoo. Cov cuab yeej no, khi ze rau hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm Wiedemann-Franz txoj cai, tseem nyob ib puag ncig ntawm C110, C1100, thiab C11000, nrog kev hloov pauv tsis zoo vim yog impurities.
| Khoom | C110 | C1100 | C11000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qhov ceev (g / cm³) | 8.94 | 8.94 | 8.94 |
| Melting Point (zeeg) | 1,083 | 1,083 | 1,083 |
| Hluav taws xob conductivity (% IACS) | 100–101 | 100–101 | 100–101 |
| Thermal conductivity (W / m · K) | 401 | 401 | 401 |
Mechanical Properties
Cov khoom siv tshuab, suav nrog lub zog tensile, lub zog tawm los, elongation, thiab hardness, txiav txim siab seb cov qib tooj liab ua haujlwm li cas hauv kev ntxhov siab thiab deformation. Cov khoom no txawv ntawm kev npau taws (xws li, annealed, ib nrab- nyuaj, nyuaj), tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias lossis kev kho cua sov.
Tensile zog
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem annealed (mos), C110, C1100, thiab C11000 nthuav tawm lub zog tensile ntawm kwv yees li 220-250 MPa (32,000-36,000 psi). Nyob rau hauv ib nrab- nyuaj (H02) temper, qhov no nce mus rau 260–310 MPa (38,000–45,000 psi), thiab nyob rau hauv lub zog (H04) temper, nws mus txog 310–360 MPa (45,000–52,000 psi). Cov txiaj ntsig no zoo ib yam thoob plaws peb qib, vim tias lawv cov khoom sib xyaw yuav luag zoo ib yam.
Yield zog
Lub zog tawm los ua raws li qhov sib xws: cov qauv annealed muaj li ntawm 70-100 MPa (10,000–14,500 psi), ib nrab- nyuaj ntawm 200–250 MPa (29,000–36,000 psi), thiab nyuaj ntawm 280–320 MPa (40,00). Cov ntsiab lus oxygen txhim kho ductility tab sis tsis hloov lub zog.
Elongation
Elongation, ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm ductility, yog siab nyob rau hauv lub xeev annealed (40-50%), txo mus rau 15-20% nyob rau hauv ib nrab- nyuaj thiab 5-10% nyob rau hauv lub zog tempers. Qhov no qhia txog tooj liab qhov zoo tshaj plaws formability, qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom.
Hardness
Hardness, ntsuas ntawm Rockwell F nplai, yog li ntawm 40-50 nyob rau hauv lub annealed mob mus rau 80-90 nyob rau hauv lub zog temper. Brinell hardness (HB) ua raws li qhov zoo sib xws, los ntawm 40–50 HB txog 90–100 HB.
Mechanical Properties Sib piv (Annealed Temper)
| Khoom | C110 | C1100 | C11000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog (MPa) | 220–250 | 220–250 | 220–250 |
| Yield zog (MPa) | 70–100 | 70–100 | 70–100 |
| Elongation (%) | 40–50 | 40–50 | 40–50 |
| Hardness (Rockwell F) | 40–50 | 40–50 | 40–50 |
Mechanical Properties Comparison (Ib nrab -Hard Temper)
| Khoom | C110 | C1100 | C11000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog (MPa) | 260–310 | 260–310 | 260–310 |
| Yield zog (MPa) | 200–250 | 200–250 | 200–250 |
| Elongation (%) | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 |
| Hardness (Rockwell F) | 70–80 | 70–80 | 70–80 |
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom
Kev tsim khoom ntawm C110, C1100, thiab C11000 cuam tshuam nrog electrolytic refining thiab tawv pitch processing, tailored kom tau raws li lawv cov qauv.
Electrolytic Refining
Copper ore yog thawj smelted los tsim blister tooj liab, uas yog ces refined electrolytically. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, impure tooj liab anodes yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug electrolyte (xws li, tooj liab sulfate tov), thiab ntshiab tooj liab yog tso rau cathodes. Qhov no yields ib tug purity ntawm 99.90% los yog siab dua, ua lub hauv paus rau tag nrho peb qib.
Kev ua haujlwm nyuaj
Lub npe "tawv tawv" tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kawg refining kauj ruam, qhov twg molten tooj liab raug rau tswj cov nqi ntawm oxygen. Qhov no oxygen reacts nrog impurities (piv txwv li, hydrogen, sulfur) los tsim oxides tshem tau, tawm hauv me me cov ntsiab lus oxygen residual. Cov tooj liab yog ces muab pov rau hauv ingots, billets, los yog slabs, uas yog ntxiv ua rau cov nplooj ntawv, tuav, los yog nyob ntawm tej.
Cov qauv-Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb
C110: Feem ntau tsim los ua kom tau raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam, nrog kev yooj yim hauv kev tswj cov pa oxygen nyob ntawm tus neeg muag khoom.
C1100: Tsim nyob rau hauv JIS H3100, nrog nruj ua raws li Japanese kam rau ua pa oxygen thiab impurities, kom ntseeg tau qhov sib xws rau kev siv hluav taws xob.
C11000: Ua raws li ASTM cov qauv (xws li, B152, B187), nrog rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj thiab kev ntsuas tshuab, tau txais dav hauv North America.
Daim ntawv thov
Lub siab conductivity, ductility, thiab corrosion kuj ntawm C110, C1100, thiab C11000 ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau ntau yam kev siv.
Kev siv hluav taws xob
Txuas thiab Busbars: Tag nrho peb qib yog siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob thaiv, busbars, thiab connectors vim lawv 100% IACS conductivity.
Transformers thiab Motors: Lawv thermal conductivity thiab formability haum rau transformer windings thiab lub cev muaj zog Cheebtsam.
Cov kav dej thiab cua sov hloov
Cov kav dej thiab Fittings: C110 thiab C11000 muaj nyob rau hauv cov kav dej, leveraging lawv corrosion kuj thiab yooj yim ntawm soldering.
Thaum tshav kub kub Exchangers: C1100 excels nyob rau hauv tshav kub exchanger raj, qhov uas thermal conductivity yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Architectural thiab Industrial Siv
Roofing thiab Flashing: Qhov kev thov kom zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov qib no ua rau lawv nrov hauv kev siv vaj tsev.
Machined Parts: Lawv machinability txhawb cov khoom ntawm precision Cheebtsam.
vim li cas xaiv peb
vim li cas thiaj xaiv peb cov khoom
Peb yog cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam thiab xa tawm tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tiav ntau yam ntawm - cov khoom siv tooj liab zoo, suav nrog cov raj tooj liab, tooj liab / daim ntawv, tooj liab tuav, tooj liab rods, tooj liab xov hlau, thiab tooj liab strips. Peb cov chaw tsim khoom siab heev tau nruab nrog lub xeev - ntawm - - kos duab nruam casting kab, extrusion presses, txias dov mills, thiab kos duab tshuab kom paub meej thiab sib xws. Kev tswj xyuas kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb cov txheej txheem, ua los ntawm spectrometers rau cov khoom pov thawj, tensile testers, eddy tam sim no testers, thiab hydrostatic siab testers, lav tias tag nrho peb cov khoom ua tau raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau kev ua tau zoo thiab kav ntev.
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