Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab
Brass yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc
Dawb tooj liab yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee
Bronze yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog zinc thiab npib tsib xee, feem ntau yog tin bronze, aluminium bronze, thiab lwm yam.
Liab tooj liab yog tooj liab nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab, thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm yam impurities tsawg dua 1%.
Liab tooj liab yog tooj liab ntshiab, tseem hu ua liab tooj liab. Qhov ceev ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog 8.96 thiab lub melting point yog 1083 degree. Nws muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity, zoo heev plasticity, thiab yooj yim rau txheej txheem los ntawm kub nias thiab txias nias. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau, cables, txhuam, tshwj xeeb electro-etching tooj liab rau hluav taws xob sparks, thiab lwm yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau zoo conductivity.
Nws muaj npe vim nws cov xim liab-liab. Nws tsis yog tooj liab dawb huv. Qee lub sij hawm me me ntawm deoxidizing cov ntsiab lus lossis lwm cov ntsiab lus tau ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab kev ua haujlwm, yog li nws kuj tau muab faib ua tooj liab alloy. Raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, Suav cov khoom siv tooj liab tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: tooj liab zoo tib yam (T1, T2, T3, T4), tooj liab tsis muaj oxygen (TU1, TU2 thiab siab-purity, nqus pa tsis muaj tooj liab), deoxidized tooj liab. (TUP, TUMn), thiab tshwj xeeb tooj liab nrog me me ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy (arsenic tooj liab, tellurium tooj liab, nyiaj tooj liab).
Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj, thiab nws yog dav siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductive. Tooj liab muaj corrosion kuj zoo nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, dej hiav txwv, tej yam uas tsis yog-oxidizing acids (hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid), alkalis, ntsev tov thiab ntau yam organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid), thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tooj liab muaj qhov zoo weldability thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv ntau yam khoom ua tiav thiab tiav los ntawm kev ua cov yas txias thiab kub. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov khoom siv tooj liab tau tshaj tawm tag nrho ntawm lwm hom tooj liab alloys.
Cov kab impurities hauv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Ntawm lawv, titanium, phosphorus, hlau, silicon, thiab lwm yam ua rau txo cov hluav taws xob conductivity, thaum cadmium, zinc, thiab lwm yam muaj cov nyhuv me me. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, thiab lwm yam. muaj cov khoom solubility tsawg heev hauv tooj liab thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib txuas nrog tooj liab. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm conductivity, tab sis tuaj yeem txo cov txheej txheem plasticity. Thaum cov tooj liab zoo tib yam yog cua sov hauv qhov chaw uas muaj hydrogen lossis carbon monoxide, hydrogen los yog carbon monoxide yooj yim reacts nrog cuprous oxide (Cu2O) ntawm cov ciam teb los tsim cov dej kub los yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tooj liab tawg. Qhov tshwm sim no feem ntau hu ua "hydrogen kab mob" ntawm tooj liab. Oxygen yog teeb meem rau lub weldability ntawm tooj liab. Bismuth los yog txhuas ua cov ntsiab lus qis-melting eutectic nrog tooj liab, ua rau tooj liab kub thiab nkig; thiab thaum brittle bismuth tau muab faib rau hauv daim ntawv nyias nyias ntawm cov ciam teb, nws ua rau tooj liab txias thiab nkig. Phosphorus tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab, tab sis tuaj yeem ua kom cov kua dej ntawm tooj liab thiab txhim kho weldability. Kev tsim nyog ntawm cov hlau lead, tellurium, sulfur, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.
Brass: Copper alloys nrog zinc raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb muaj cov xim daj zoo nkauj thiab raug hu ua tooj dag. Copper-zinc binary alloys yog hu ua tooj dag lossis tooj dag yooj yim. Cov tooj dag uas muaj ntau tshaj peb lub ntsiab lus hu ua tooj dag tshwj xeeb lossis tooj dag complex. Brass alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus zinc tsawg dua 36% yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo thiab muaj cov khoom ua haujlwm txias. Piv txwv li, tooj dag nrog zinc cov ntsiab lus ntawm 30% feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv cartridge, feem ntau hu ua cartridge brass lossis 73 tooj dag. Brass alloys nrog zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 36% thiab 42% yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv, ntawm 64 tooj dag nrog zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 40% yog feem ntau siv. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tooj dag zoo tib yam, lwm yam khoom xws li txhuas, npib tsib xee, manganese, tin, silicon, thiab txhuas feem ntau ntxiv. Aluminium tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, hardness, thiab corrosion kuj ntawm tooj dag, tab sis txo nws cov plasticity, ua rau nws haum rau sea-mus condensers thiab lwm yam corrosion-resistant qhov chaw. Tin tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm tooj dag rau cov dej hiav txwv, yog li nws yog hu ua naval tooj dag, uas yog siv rau cov khoom siv hauv nkoj thermal thiab cov kiv cua. Cov hmoov txhuas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tooj dag; Qhov no yooj yim-rau-txiav tooj dag feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom saib. Brass castings feem ntau yog siv los ua cov li qub thiab cov yeeb nkab fittings.
Bronze: Keeb kwm yog hais txog tooj liab-tin alloys. Tom qab ntawd, tooj liab alloys uas tsis yog tooj dag thiab npib tsib xee nyiaj tau raug hu ua tooj liab, thiab lub npe ntawm thawj lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntxiv feem ntau tau ntxiv ua ntej lub npe tooj liab. Tin bronze muaj zoo casting kev ua tau zoo, tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam kev ua tau zoo thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov bearings, cab iav, iav, thiab lwm yam. Lead bronze yog cov khoom siv dav siv rau cov cav tov niaj hnub thiab cov grinders. Aluminium bronze muaj lub zog siab, zoo hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj, thiab yog siv los cam khwb cia siab load zog, bushings, marine propellers, thiab lwm yam. Beryllium bronze thiab phosphor bronze muaj siab elastic txwv thiab zoo conductivity, thiab yog haum rau manufacturing precision springs. thiab hluav taws xob tiv tauj cov ntsiab lus. Beryllium bronze kuj tseem siv los tsim cov cuab yeej tsis muaj hluav taws xob siv hauv cov mines, roj depots, thiab lwm yam.
Nickel nyiaj: tooj liab alloy nrog nickel ua lub ntsiab ntxiv. Copper-nickel binary alloy yog hu ua cov nyiaj npib tsib xee zoo tib yam; npib tsib xee nyiaj alloys nrog manganese, hlau, zinc, txhuas thiab lwm yam yog hu ua complex nickel nyiaj. Kev lag luam npib tsib xee nyiaj tau muab faib ua ob pawg: cov txheej txheem nickel nyiaj thiab hluav taws xob npib tsib xee nyiaj. Cov txheej txheem npib tsib xee nyiaj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab xim zoo nkauj. Cov nyiaj npib tsib xee no yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tshuab precision, tshuaj machinery thiab nkoj khoom. Hluav taws xob npib tsib xee nyiaj feem ntau muaj cov khoom zoo thermoelectric zoo.
Manganese tooj liab, constantan thiab corundum yog manganese tooj liab nrog sib txawv manganese ntsiab lus. Lawv yog cov khoom siv los tsim cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob precision, rheostats, precision resistors, strain gauges, thermocouples, thiab lwm yam.
1. tooj dag
(1) Ordinary tooj dag: Nws yog ib qho alloy uas muaj tooj liab thiab zinc. Thaum cov ntsiab lus zinc tsawg dua 39%, zinc tuaj yeem yaj hauv tooj liab los ua ib theem ib, hu ua ib-theem tooj dag, uas muaj cov yas zoo thiab tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm kub thiab txias. Thaum cov ntsiab lus zinc ntau dua 39%, muaj ib theem ib thiab tooj liab-zinc-raws li cov kuab tshuaj b, hu ua dual-phase tooj dag. b ua rau cov yas me me thiab lub zog tensile nce, uas tsuas yog haum rau kev ua haujlwm kub. Yog hais tias qhov loj feem ntawm zinc tseem nce ntxiv, lub zog tensile txo qis thiab nws tsis muaj nqi siv. Tus lej yog sawv cev los ntawm "H + tus lej", H sawv cev rau tooj dag, thiab tus lej sawv cev rau feem ntau ntawm tooj liab. Piv txwv li, H68 qhia txog tooj dag nrog tooj liab cov ntsiab lus ntawm 68% thiab zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 32%. Rau cam khwb cia tooj dag, tsab ntawv "Z" muab tso ua ntej tus lej, xws li ZH62. Piv txwv li, Zcuzn38 qhia tias cam khwb cia tooj dag nrog zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 38% thiab cov seem yog tooj liab. H90 thiab H80 yog ib-theem thiab kub daj, yog li lawv tau sau ua ke hu ua kub, thiab hu ua plating, decorations, medals, thiab lwm yam. H68 thiab H59 yog duplex tooj dag, uas yog siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li bolts. , txiv ntseej, ntxhua khaub ncaws, springs, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, ib leeg-theem tooj dag yog siv rau txias deformation ua thiab duplex tooj dag yog siv rau kub deformation ua.
(2) Cov tooj dag tshwj xeeb: Cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lwm cov khoom sib xyaw ntxiv rau cov tooj dag zoo tib yam hu ua tooj dag. Feem ntau cov khoom ntxiv muaj xws li txhuas, tin, txhuas, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem hu ua txhuas tooj dag, tooj dag, thiab txhuas tooj dag raws li. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying. Feem ntau los txhim kho tensile lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm. Code: "H + lub cim ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntxiv (tshwj tsis yog zinc) + pawg loj ntawm tooj liab + pawg pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv + pawg loj ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus". Piv txwv li, HPb59-1 txhais tau hais tias txhuas tooj dag nrog ib feem ntawm 59% tooj liab, ib feem ntawm 1% txhuas ua cov ntsiab lus ntxiv, thiab cov seem yog zinc.
2. Bronze: Tshwj tsis yog tooj dag thiab npib tsib xee nyiaj, lwm cov tooj liab alloys raug hu ua bronze. Bronze tuaj yeem muab faib ua tin bronze thiab tshwj xeeb bronze (xws li tin-dawb bronze). Code: Txoj kev sawv cev yog tsim los ntawm "Q + cim thiab pawg loj ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv + pawg loj ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus". Casting cov khoom ua ntej "Z", xws li: Qal7 txhais tau hais tias txhuas bronze nrog 7% txhuas thiab tus so tooj liab. ZQsn10-1 txhais tau hais tias cam khwb cia tooj liab tooj liab nrog cov ntsiab lus tin ntawm 10%, lwm yam alloying ntsiab ntawm 1%, thiab cov tooj liab seem.
(1) Tin bronze: tooj liab-tin alloy nrog tin ua lub ntsiab ntxiv, tseem hu ua tin bronze.
Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin tsawg dua 5 ~ 6%, tin dissolves nyob rau hauv tooj liab los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem, thiab cov yas nce ntxiv. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin ntau dua 5 ~ 6%, vim qhov pom ntawm Cu31sb8-raws li cov kua nplaum, lub zog tensile txo qis, yog li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tin bronze feem ntau yog 3 ~ 14%. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin tsawg dua 5%, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua kom txias deformation, thiab thaum cov ntsiab lus tin yog 5 ~ 7%, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm kub deformation. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tin ntau dua 10%, nws yog tsim rau casting. Txij li thaum lub a thiab & electrode muaj peev xwm zoo sib xws, thiab cov tin nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsim cov tin dioxide zaj duab xis tuab tom qab nitridation, corrosion kuj mus rau huab cua thiab dej hiav txwv nce, tab sis cov kua qaub kuj tsis zoo. Vim hais tias qhov kub ntawm crystallization ntawm tin bronze yog dav, lub fluidity tsis zoo, nws tsis yog yooj yim los tsim cov concentrated shrinkage kab noj hniav, tab sis nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau tsim dendrite segregation thiab dispersed shrinkage kab noj hniav, thiab cov casting shrinkage tus nqi me me, uas yog conducive. kom tau txais castings nrog qhov ntau thiab tsawg ze rau cov pwm casting, yog li nws yog tsim rau casting complex duab. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov phab ntsa tuab tsis haum rau cov castings uas yuav tsum tau muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom thiab zoo sealing. Tin bronze muaj qhov zoo tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam, tiv thaiv kev sib nqus thiab tsis tshua muaj kub toughness. Tin bronze tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg raws li cov txheej txheem ntau lawm: lub zog ua tiav tin bronze thiab cam khwb cia tin bronze.
A. Kev ua haujlwm siab tin bronze: Cov ntsiab lus tin feem ntau tsawg dua 8%, thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm txias thiab kub ua rau cov phaj, strips, rods, raj thiab lwm yam profiles. Tom qab hardening, nws lub zog tensile thiab hardness nce, thaum nws plasticity txo. Tom qab annealing, nws tuaj yeem tuav lub zog tensile siab thaum txhim kho plasticity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tau txais kev txwv siab elastic. Nws yog tsim rau cov cuab yeej uas yuav tsum tau corrosion-resistant thiab hnav-resistant qhov chaw, elastic qhov chaw, anti-magnetic qhov chaw, thiab zawv zawg bearings thiab lub tes tsho hauv tshuab. Feem ntau siv yog Qsn4-3 Qsn6.5~0.1.
B. Cast tin bronze: Nws yog muab los ua ingots thiab cam khwb cia rau hauv castings los ntawm lub foundry. Nws yog tsim rau casting castings nrog complex duab tab sis tsawg ceev yuav tsum tau, xws li zawv zawg bearings, gears, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau siv yog ZQsn10-1 ZQsn6-6-3.
(2) Tshwj xeeb bronze: lwm yam khoom ntxiv los hloov tin, lossis nws yog tin-dawb bronze. Feem ntau cov bronze tshwj xeeb muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua, hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion tsis kam tshaj tin bronze. Feem ntau siv xws li txhuas bronze (QAL7 QAL5) thiab txhuas bronze (ZQPB30). Copper-based alloys nrog npib tsib xee raws li lub ntsiab ntxiv yog silvery dawb thiab hu ua dawb tooj liab. Cov ntsiab lus nickel feem ntau yog 10%, 15%, thiab 20%. Cov ntsiab lus siab dua, cov xim dawb. Copper-nickel binary alloys hu ua tooj liab dawb. Copper-nickel alloys nrog manganese, hlau, zinc, thiab txhuas yog hu ua complex dawb tooj liab. Ntshiab tooj liab ntxiv rau npib tsib xee tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, tiv thaiv corrosion, hluav taws xob tsis kam, thiab cov khoom siv thermoelectric. Kev lag luam dawb tooj liab tau muab faib ua cov qauv dawb tooj liab thiab hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab raws li kev ua tau zoo sib txawv thiab kev siv, uas ua tau raws li ntau yam kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob thiab thermal zog.
Cov qib zoo, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg (%) (feem ntau): Sn (tin), Al (aluminium), Fe (hlau), Pb (lead), Sb (antimony), Bi (bismuth), Si (silicon), P ( phosphorus), Cu, tag nrho impurities.
