Kev paub txog kev lag luam tooj liab: Taw qhia rau cov khoom siv tooj liab-raws li kev ua haujlwm siab
Copper thiab tooj liab alloys muaj cov cuab yeej zoo thiab cov txheej txheem ua tau zoo. Lawv yooj yim rau cam khwb cia thiab yas txheej txheem. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo, thermal conductivity, thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, yog li lawv tuaj yeem siv dav hauv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, kev tsim khoom thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, tooj liab lub zog ntawm chav tsev kub, kev ua haujlwm kub, thiab kev hnav tsis txaus, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv dav dua. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm niaj hnub aerospace thiab hluav taws xob technology, ntau thiab ntau dua yuav tsum tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej rau kev siv tooj liab, uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua kom tooj liab zoo hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub cev, tooj liab yuav tsum muaj siab. lub zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub zoo, thiab cov khoom siv yuav tsum muaj cov thermal expansion coefficient tsawg thiab kev sib txhuam zoo thiab hnav ua haujlwm. Tag nrho cov peev ntawm kuv lub teb chaws thawj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev ceev Beijing-Shanghai yog kwv yees li 20 billion US dollars. Kev tsim kho tau pib xyoo 2008. Qhov kev thov txhua xyoo rau cov xov hlau tiv tauj yog ze li ntawm 10, 000 tons. Obviously, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib cuag hlau, uas yog, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm high-lub zog, high-conductivity thiab high-wear-resistant tooj liab alloy haumxeeb ntaub ntawv, muaj ib tug loj domestic thiab txawv teb chaws lag luam. Tsis kam vuam electrodes, seam welding rollers, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau lead thav duab kuj xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub siab zog thiab siab conductivity ntawm uas twb muaj lawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm kev qhia txog qhov tsim nyog cov txheej txheem ntxiv dag zog ntxiv, muab kev ua si tag nrho rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm matrix thiab kev ua haujlwm ntxiv dag zog, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom ua tau zoo tooj liab (alloy) raws li cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus kub hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. .
Qhov hu ua high-strength thiab high-conductivity tooj liab alloy feem ntau yog hais txog tooj liab alloy nrog lub zog tensile (Gb) ntawm 2-10 npaug ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab (350-2000MPa) thiab conductivity ntawm 50 % ~ 95% tooj liab, uas yog, 50-95% IACS tooj liab alloy. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws uas tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb yog δb=600-800MPa, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 80% IACSE. Lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov thaj chaw ntawm high-strength thiab high-conductivity tooj liab alloys yog ultra-loj-scale integrated circuit lead thav duab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob kev lag luam, hluav taws xob tiv thaiv rau lub teb chaws tiv thaiv thiab tub rog kev lag luam, radars, high-power tub rog microwave tubes, high- pulse magnetic teb conductors, cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob thiab lub tsheb tso tawm, cov xov hlau siv hluav taws xob rau kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev ceev, 300-1250Kw high-power zaus-modulated speed-regulating asynchronous traction motor bars and end rings, resistance welding electrode heads for the automotive kev lag luam, nruam casting tshuab crystallizers rau kev lag luam metallurgical, hluav taws xob lub tshuab nqus tsev twj thiab hloov kev sib cuag txuas hniav rau hluav taws xob engineering, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv no muaj dav daim ntawv thov kev cia siab nyob rau hauv ntau yam high-tech teb.
Taw qhia rau kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm tooj liab-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw-kev faib tawm:
1. Particle-reinforced copper-based composite cov ntaub ntawv
Qhov kev txhawb zog yog feem ntau silicon carbide thiab aluminium oxide, thiab tseem muaj me me ntawm titanium oxide thiab titanium boride hais (qhov loj me feem ntau yog li 10μm). Whiskers tsis tsuas yog muaj cov cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj muaj qee qhov piv txwv, yog li lawv muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau matrix dua li hais. Whiskers feem ntau yog siv silicon carbide thiab txhuas borate whiskers. Alloying txheej txheem tuaj yeem npaj oxide dispersion muaj zog thiab carbide dispersion ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom siv tooj liab.
2. Fiber-reinforced tooj liab-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw
Composites ua los ntawm tooj liab los yog tooj liab alloys thiab non-metallic los yog hlau fibers tsis tsuas yog tuav lub siab hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab, tab sis kuj muaj siab zog thiab kub kuj. Thaum tsim cov khoom siv tooj liab-raws li cov khoom sib xyaw, siv cov fibers ntev thiab luv fibers. Cov ntaub ntawv carbon fiber-tooj liab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov thermal conductivity zoo thiab hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab, nrog rau nws tus kheej lubrication, hnav tsis kam, thiab qis thermal expansion coefficient ntawm carbon fiber, yog li lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv zawv zawg hluav taws xob tiv tauj cov ntaub ntawv, txhuam, Lub tshuab hluav taws xob semiconductor txhawb nqa electrodes, kev sib txuas hauv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Lwm daim ntawv thov piv txwv ntawm tooj liab-carbon fiber ntau cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev tsim khoom yog cov slider ntawm cov hluav taws xob pantograph ntawm trams, thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov slider trams thiab hluav taws xob locomotives. Hlau sliders tau siv thaum xub thawj, thiab carbon sliders yog siv tam sim no, tab sis ob qho tib si muaj qhov tsis zoo. Tom qab siv cov ntaub ntawv carbon fiber-tooj liab sib xyaw, kev tiv thaiv kev sib cuag raug txo, kev tiv thaiv overheating, thiab lub zog thiab overload tam sim no tau txhim kho tib lub sijhawm, thiab nws muaj lubrication zoo thiab hnav tsis kam.
3. High-performance micro-composite tooj liab alloy
Cov ntaub ntawv ua tau zoo micro-composite tooj liab alloy tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1970s thaum kawm cov khoom siv superconducting. Xyoo 1978, Bark et al. los ntawm Harvard University hauv Tebchaws Meskas thawj zaug tau npaj lub tswvyim ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab Cu-X alloy, Cu-X binary alloy, X suav nrog cov hlau refractory W, Mo, Nb, Ta thiab Cr, Fe, V thiab lwm yam. Tom qab forging, kos duab los yog dov, X hlau yog faib nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm deformation nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hlau los yog ribbon los tsim ib tug micro-composite khoom. Cov khoom siv micro-composite tooj liab alloy no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog siab tshaj plaws (lub zog tensile siab tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 2000MPa), hluav taws xob conductivity tuaj yeem ncav cuag 82% IACS, zoo kub tsis kam, micro-composite qauv thiab grain orientation. Ntxiv nrog rau kev siv los ua qhov chaw vuam electrodes, cov khoom siv no kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov kiv cua thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv nrog rau cov khoom siv tooj liab tsoos, nws muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus alloy, tab sis tsawg dua cov ntsiab lus alloy. Cu-X alloy tau nyiam tib neeg cov xim nrog nws lub zog ultra-siab, siab hluav taws xob conductivity thiab kub tsis kam. Tam sim no, University of Iowa, Harvard University Department of Materials, AMES Laboratory, Michigan Institute of Technology, thiab Zhejiang University hauv Suav teb tau ua ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog qhov no, tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov kev siv theoretical thiab cov teeb meem siv los daws. .
Taw qhia rau kev siv zog thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm tooj liab-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw-kev npaj:
1. hmoov metallurgy txoj kev
Hmoov metallurgy yog thawj zaug tsim los rau kev npaj cov khoom siv hlau-raws li cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, feem ntau suav nrog kev sib xyaw hmoov, sib tov, degassing, sintering thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Hmoov metallurgy yog ib txoj hauv kev ze-net tsim nrog cov khoom siv siab, uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov koom haum thiab cov khoom sib cais, thiab qhov loj me thiab ntim feem ntawm cov particle reinforcement theem tuaj yeem hloov kho nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Txoj kev no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tsim, cov khoom sib txhuam, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab hauv cov khoom siv tooj liab. Vim qhov tsis zoo wettability ntawm tooj liab thiab feem ntau ceramic reinforcement particles thiab qhov sib txawv loj ntawm qhov ntom, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog thaum npaj cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kua, ua rau tsis sib xws ntawm theem ob. Hmoov metallurgy tuaj yeem sib xyaw cov hmoov hlau thiab cov khoom siv dag zog sib npaug ntawm qhov xav tau kev faib ua feem, daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib khoom ntxiv. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov sib txuas sib txuas ntawm lub zog ntawm tooj liab thiab cov khoom siv dag zog, kev tso tshuaj lom neeg thiab lwm yam kev siv feem ntau yog siv los pleev xim rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv nrog cov hlau txheej xws li Cu thiab Ni, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom sib npaug sib xyaw nrog tooj liab hmoov kom tau txais. Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw siv cov hmoov metallurgy [11]. Txij li thaum cov khoom siv txhawb nqa tau sib npaug ntau dua nyob rau hauv cov hlau matrix tom qab tau coated nrog cov hlau coatings, kev sib cuag ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv yog txo, thiab cov nyhuv reinforcing yog zoo dua exerted. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, los ntawm txheej txheej nrog cov hlau sib txawv, cov qauv sib txuas tuaj yeem txhim kho, lub zog sib txuas sib txuas tuaj yeem txhim kho, thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem txhim kho.
2. Composite casting txoj kev
Casting yog txoj kev nyiam rau kev lag luam loj. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab casting, feem ntau muaj kev pab cuam deformation rau cov khoom sib xyaw no. Cov nyhuv deformation ntxiv dag zog yuav raug siv tsis tau vim qhov recrystallization ntawm cov hlau txias-deformed. Txij li thaum qhov kub ntawm recrystallization ntawm cov hlau feem ntau tsuas yog kwv yees li 40% ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus melting, qhov kub tsis kam ntawm cov khoom tau los ntawm casting yog qhov tsis zoo. Cov txheej txheem casting sib xyaw yog npaj los ntawm MC Flemings li al. ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Txoj kev no muaj cov kev daws teeb meem zoo rau kev sib cais ntawm cov theem kev txhawb zog, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yooj yim, thiab yoog raws cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam loj ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, nrog rau kev txhim kho zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog cov viscosity siab ntawm cov yaj, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis zoo rau cov pa tawm ntawm cov pa thiab cov khoom siv, yog li feem ntau cov pores thiab inclusions nyob rau hauv cov khoom npaj; Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev no kuj nyuaj rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias.
3. Internal oxidation txoj kev
Txoj kev oxidation sab hauv yog ib txoj hauv kev siv ntau tshaj plaws los npaj cov khoom siv tooj liab. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom sib cais zoo sib cais thiab tuaj yeem tswj tau tus lej ntawm cov theem ntxiv. Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog los npaj Cu-A1203 dispersion-strengthened tooj liab-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, ib tug me me ntawm txhuas, ib tug alloying caij uas yog solid-dissolved nyob rau hauv tooj liab, tiam sis muaj ib tug ntau dua nyiam mus tsim oxides tshaj tooj liab, yog ntxiv rau tooj liab los ua tooj liab-aluminium alloy hmoov. Oxygen yog diffused los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hmoov mus rau sab hauv, yog li ntawd cov alloy atomized hmoov undergoes oxidation nyob rau hauv lub kub thiab oxygen cua, thiab txhuas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv txhuas oxide. Tom qab ntawd, oxidized tooj liab raug txo nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw hydrogen, tab sis aluminium oxide tsis tuaj yeem raug txo, thiab cov tooj liab thiab txhuas oxide sib xyaw hmoov yog tsim, thiab thaum kawg sintered nyob rau hauv ib lub siab. Muaj qee qhov teeb meem hauv kev tsim thiab kho tshuab ntawm Cu-A1203 ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidation sab hauv. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau sinter hmoov, thiab cov txheej txheem yog qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi siab. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidation sab hauv yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem kev npaj, cov khoom siv tsis yooj yim los tswj thiab cov nqi tsim khoom yog siab, uas txwv tsis pub siv cov txheej txheem no. .
4. Liquid hlau hauv-situ txoj kev
Cov txheej txheem ua kua hlau hauv-situ yog ib qho kev npaj tshiab rau cov khoom siv tooj liab uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Lee et al. thawj zaug ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw TiB2 / Cu. Txoj kev no ua rau tag nrho do thiab sib tov ob lossis ntau dua cov kua dej sib xyaw thiab ua kom muaj kev sib cais ntawm nano-scale reinforcements los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov conductivity ntawm Cu-based composite khoom uas muaj 5vol1% TiB2 yog 76% IACS. Chrysanthou et al. ntxiv cov pa roj carbon dub, B203 lossis W carbon dub rau Cu-Ti kev daws teeb meem raws li, thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los tsim cov khoom zoo thiab sib npaug TiC, TiB2, thiab WC hais hauv-situ los txhawb cov khoom siv tooj liab. Txij li thaum lub reinforcement nyob rau hauv composite npaj los ntawm cov txheej txheem no tsis muaj kev sib kis kab mob thiab muaj zoo interface compatibility nrog lub matrix, nws muaj ntau dua conductivity thiab mechanical zog dua li cov khoom sib xyaw.
5. Ceev ceev txoj kev solidification
Vim qhov ceev ceev txias, loj pib nucleation supercooling thiab loj hlob tus nqi thaum lub sij hawm solidification txheej txheem, ceev ceev solidification txoj kev ua rau cov khoom-kua interface deviate los ntawm equilibrium, yog li nthuav qhia ib tug series ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov yam ntxwv txawv ntawm cov pa alloys. Txoj kev ua kom khov sai sai muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no rau kev npaj cov khoom siv tooj liab sib xyaw:
(1) Cov khoom solubility ntawm cov khoom alloying tooj liab yog nce ntxiv;
(2) Cov nplej tau zoo heev;
(3) Lub microsegregation ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yog txo qis;
(4) Qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua tsis zoo yog nce ntau;
(5) Ib theem tshiab metastable qauv yog tsim;
(6) Tom qab kev laus kev kho mob, cov ntsiab lus ntawm theem ob nyob rau hauv cov tooj liab matrix yog nce thiab cov degree ntawm dispersion yog nce.
Nrog me ntsis txo qis hauv conductivity, lub zog ntawm cov alloy yog txhim kho, thiab hnav thiab corrosion kuj ntawm cov alloy yog txhim kho. Kev siv thev naus laus zis nrawm nrawm tau qhib qhov chaw tshiab rau kev npaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab-raws li cov khoom sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau kev npaj ceev ceev solidification ntawm high-strength thiab high-conductivity tooj liab-raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav optimize cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, solidification kinetic tsis thiab aging txheej txheem los ntawm kev tsom xam cov txheej txheem solidification thiab aging txheej txheem, thiab txhim kho. microstructure thiab kev ua haujlwm.
6. Mechanical alloying txoj kev
Mechanical alloying siv lub pob zeb muaj zog los sib xyaw cov hmoov hlau lossis cov khoom siv ceramic hauv ib qho kev faib ua feem, thiab zom lawv ntau zaus. Cov hmoov sib xyaw ua rau rov qab deformation, txias vuam, crushing, rov vuam, thiab rov ua dua txheej txheem, uas tuaj yeem ua kom cov nplej rov qab mus rau qib nanometer thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo heev [17]. Vim qhov kev taw qhia ntawm ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev sib nrig sib muaj peev xwm tau txhim kho thiab lub zog ua kom txo qis, ua rau cov txheej txheem alloying txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo tib yam-lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm npaj tau ntau yam ntaub ntawv tshiab uas nyuaj rau synthesize raws li cov kev cai. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke los npaj cov khoom siv tooj liab-raws li cov khoom sib xyaw yog cov impurity cov ntsiab lus tau yooj yim nkag tau thaum lub pob milling txheej txheem, uas txo cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov conductivity. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm yog qhov tsawg vim lub sijhawm ntev pob milling.
