Tooj liab smelting
Thaum tham txog keeb kwm ntawm tooj liab smelting nyob rau hauv Suav teb, peb yuav tsum hais txog cov tooj liab ntub dej. Cov tooj liab ntub dej hauv kuv lub teb chaws thiab tau paub nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm raws li "siv dej immersion tooj liab txoj kev". Nyob rau hauv lub Tang thiab Song Dynasties, nws yog mas concentrated nyob rau hauv Qianshan, Dexing, Jiangxi thiab Lingshui, Guangdong, nrog ntau tshaj txhua xyoo tso zis ntawm ze li ntawm 2, 000 tons. Cov mines thaum ub nyob rau thaj tsam Tongling yog qhov loj dua thiab siv sijhawm ntev dua. Los ntawm Shang thiab Zhou dynasties mus rau Tang thiab Song dynasties, nws yog ib qho chaw rau tooj liab mining thiab tooj liab smelting. kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam tooj liab smelting nyob rau hauv ib tug rov qab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Txog xyoo 1949, tsuas yog plaub lub chaw tsim khoom hauv lub tebchaws, xws li Shenyang Smelter, Shanghai Smelter, Kunming Smelter thiab Chongqing Smelter, khaws cia cov khoom me me, nrog cov khoom tsim tawm tsawg dua 3,000 tons. Tom qab xyoo 1949, tag nrho cov theem kev lag luam ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tshiab tau txhim kho sai, thiab cov nroj tsuag loj tooj liab xws li Tongling, Baiyin, Daye thiab Yunnan tau tsim.
Tam sim no, txoj kev smelting los ua electrolytic tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no mas muab faib ua ob pawg: pyrometallurgy thiab hydrometallurgy. Tam sim no, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab zoo yog tsim los ntawm pyrometallurgy, thiab hydrometallurgy suav txog li 20%.
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Pyrometallurgical tooj liab smelting yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tooj liab hnub no, suav txog li 80% ntawm tooj liab ntau lawm. Nws tsuas yog ua cov sulfide ore. Qhov zoo ntawm pyrometallurgical tooj liab smelting yog muaj zog adaptability ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv, tsawg zog noj, high efficiency thiab siab hlau rov qab tus nqi. Hluav taws kub-raws li tooj liab smelting tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: ib qho yog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub: xws li blast furnace smelting, reverberatory furnace smelting, thiab hluav taws xob rauv smelting. Qhov thib ob yog cov cuab yeej siv dag zog niaj hnub: xws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob flash smelting thiab molten pas dej smelting.
Vim muaj teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb lub zog thiab ib puag ncig txij li thaum nruab nrab -20 xyoo pua, lub zog tau dhau los ua nruj, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tau nruj zuj zus, thiab cov nqi zog tau nce zuj zus. Copper smelting technology tau tsim sai heev txij li xyoo 1980s, yuam cov txheej txheem ib txwm hloov pauv. Cov kev siv zog tshiab tau siv los hloov, thiab cov txheej txheem smelting ib txwm tau maj mam tshem tawm. Dab tsi ua raws li yog qhov nce ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis uas sawv cev los ntawm flash smelting thiab molten pas dej smelting. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov kev siv dav dav ntawm cov pa oxygen lossis oxygen-enriched technology. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev siv zog, flash smelting thiab molten pool smelting tau pib hloov cov txheej txheem hluav taws kub.
1. Pyro-smelting engineering txheej txheem
Cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws feem ntau suav nrog plaub kauj ruam tseem ceeb: matte smelting, tooj liab matte (matte) tshuab, blister tooj liab hluav taws refining thiab anode tooj liab electrolytic refining.
Sulfur-making smelting (tooj liab concentrate-matte): Feem ntau yog siv tooj liab concentrate los ua matte smelting. Lub hom phiaj yog kom oxidize ib feem ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv cov tooj liab mloog zoo, tshem tawm los ntawm slagging, thiab tsim matte nrog ntau dua tooj liab ntsiab lus.
Matte tshuab (matte - blister tooj liab): ntxiv oxidize lub matte thiab ua slag kom tshem tawm cov hlau thiab sulfur nyob rau hauv lub matte los tsim blister tooj liab.
Hluav taws kub refining (blister tooj liab - anode tooj liab): Lub hlwv tooj liab yog oxidized thiab slag-tsim kom ntxiv tshem tawm impurity ntsiab los tsim anode tooj liab.
Electrolytic refining (anode tooj liab - cathode tooj liab): Los ntawm kev qhia ncaj qha tam sim no, anode tooj liab yaj, ntshiab tooj liab yog precipitated ntawm lub cathode, thiab cov impurities nkag mus rau hauv anode av nkos los yog electrolyte, yog li ua tiav kev sib cais ntawm tooj liab thiab impurities, thiab ua cathode. tooj liab.
