Txaus siab rau tsab xov xwm, piav qhia meej txog kev siv thiab kev sib txuas ntawm tooj liab, nrog rau nws cov kev siv, lub cev, thiab lwm yam.
Paub meej: tooj liab yog ib qho khoom nyob rau hauv pawg 1B ntawm lub sij hawm thib 4 ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb hnyav uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Lub cim cim yog Cu, tus lej atomic yog 29, thiab cov txheeb ze atomic loj yog 63.546. tooj liab yog khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, qhov tshiab hlaws yog xim liab-liab, thiab nws yog yooj yim oxidized thaum rhuab. Tooj liab muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity, zoo corrosion kuj, tsis tshua muaj deformation kuj, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov txias deformation yam tsis muaj cracking. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hnyav uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau khoom, feem ntau yog siv hauv electronics, hluav taws xob engineering, machinery, Industrial sectors xws li kev tsim kho thiab kev thauj mus los. Muaj ntau pua lub tebchaw tooj liab, tab sis tsis muaj ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog tooj liab sulfate pentahydrate, los yog gall vitriol (CuSO4 · 5H2O), tom qab ntawd los ntawm Bordeaux sib tov (Cu (OH) 2 · CuSO4), tooj liab metaarsenite (Cu (AsO2) 2), tooj liab acetate [Cu (CH3COO)). 2] complex, tooj liab cyanide (CuCN), tooj liab chloride (CuCl2), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), tooj liab oxide (CuO), yooj yim tooj liab carbonate thiab tooj liab naphthenate, thiab lwm yam. tooj liab ntsev yuav siv tau raws li kev ua liaj ua teb fungicides. tooj liab sulfate yuav siv tau raws li ib tug emetic thiab raws li ib tug tshuaj pleev ib ce rau daj phosphorus burns.
Tooj liab yog ib qho khoom nyob rau hauv Pawg 1B ntawm Lub Sij Hawm 4 ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, ib qho tseem ceeb hnyav uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Lub cim cim yog Cu, tus lej atomic yog 29, thiab cov txheeb ze atomic loj yog 63.546. tooj liab yog khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, qhov tshiab hlaws yog xim liab-liab, thiab nws yog yooj yim oxidized thaum rhuab. Tooj liab muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity, zoo corrosion kuj, tsis tshua muaj deformation kuj, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov txias deformation yam tsis muaj cracking. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hnyav uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau khoom, feem ntau yog siv hauv electronics, hluav taws xob engineering, machinery, Industrial sectors xws li kev tsim kho thiab kev thauj mus los. Muaj ntau pua lub tebchaw tooj liab, tab sis tsis muaj ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog tooj liab sulfate pentahydrate, los yog gall vitriol (CuSO4 · 5H2O), tom qab ntawd los ntawm Bordeaux sib tov (Cu (OH) 2 · CuSO4), tooj liab metaarsenite (Cu (AsO2) 2), tooj liab acetate [Cu (CH3COO)). 2] complex, tooj liab cyanide (CuCN), tooj liab chloride (CuCl2), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), tooj liab oxide (CuO), yooj yim tooj liab carbonate thiab tooj liab naphthenate, thiab lwm yam. tooj liab ntsev yuav siv tau raws li kev ua liaj ua teb fungicides. tooj liab sulfate yuav siv tau raws li ib tug emetic thiab raws li ib tug tshuaj pleev ib ce rau daj phosphorus burns.
Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau qub tshaj plaws uas tau pom thiab siv los ntawm tib neeg. Kwv yees li 10,000 xyoo dhau los, tib neeg tau paub txog cov tooj liab thiab muab nws rau hauv lub khob me me lossis rau tes. Cov khoom qub qub tshaj plaws uas pom txog tam sim no yog cov scrapers, chisels thiab awls unearthed nyob rau hauv Tepehiya, Iran, uas hnub mus txog 3800 BC. Lub tin-bronze riam unearthed nyob rau hauv 1978 ntawm lub Majiayao Chemicalbook site nyob rau hauv Dongxiang, Gansu Province yog lub ntxov tshaj plaws bronze ntaus ntawv pom nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj txog tam sim no. Nws muaj hnub nyoog yog kwv yees li 2750 BC, uas qhia tau hais tias Tuam Tshoj yog cov khoom siv tooj liab ntxov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ib lub teb chaws ntawm bronze. Tuam Tshoj mastered thev naus laus zis ntawm qhov cub rauv tooj liab smelting thaum ntxov li 770 BC. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm Song thiab Yuanfeng (1078), tooj liab tso zis mus txog 7300t, thiab tooj liab metallurgical technology tau mus txog ib tug txiav txim siab theem.
lub cev muaj zog
Tooj yog qhov thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj los ua tus neeg xyuas pib zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub yog 94% thiab 73.2% nyiaj feem. Lub plhaub sab nrauv electron teeb tsa ntawm tooj liab atoms yog [Ar]3d104s1. Thaum tooj liab tsim ib qho kev sib txuas, nws tuaj yeem poob ib qho hluav taws xob hauv 4s orbit thiab ib qho hluav taws xob hauv 3d orbit tib lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, tooj liab feem ntau muaj ob lub xeev valence: +1 thiab +2. Lub xeev oxidation ntawm tooj liab feem ntau yog +2 nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, thiab qis-valent compounds yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv high kub. Tooj liab muaj ob lub ntuj isotopes ruaj khov, 63Cu thiab 65Cu. 63Cu muaj 29 protons thiab 34 neutrons, thiab 65Cu muaj 29 protons thiab 36 neutrons. tooj liab paub tias muaj 9 isotopes tsis ruaj khov. tooj liab tuaj yeem nyob ruaj khov hauv huab cua qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis thaum muab tso rau hauv cov huab cua ntub uas muaj CO2 ntev, ntsuab alkaline tooj liab carbonate yuav tsim, feem ntau hu ua patina. Qhov sib npaug electrochemical ntawm divalent tooj liab yog 0.329mg / C. Tooj liab tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov hydrogen hauv acidic aqueous daws, thiab tsis soluble hauv hydrochloric acid thiab sulfuric acid yam tsis muaj oxygen yaj, tab sis yog soluble hauv nitric acid uas muaj oxidizing nyhuv. Tooj liab reacts maj mam nrog alkaline daws, tab sis yooj yim reacts nrog ammonia los ua complexes. Tooj liab yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic acids xws li acetic acid. Soluble tooj liab ntsev feem ntau yog tshuaj lom. Cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm tooj liab yog lub ntsej muag-centered cubic lattice. Ntshiab tooj liab muaj ductility zoo heev thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov xov hlau zoo heev thiab cov ntawv nyias. tooj liab yog ib qho zoo heev hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductor, thiab nws cov hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj ntawm cov hlau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm kab impurities yuav txo tau qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb
Vim tooj liab muaj ntau yam zoo heev, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industrial sectors. Txog thaum xyoo 1960, tooj liab tsuas yog thib ob rau hlau hauv qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev siv. Tom qab xyoo 1960, txhuas tau muab txoj hauv kev mus rau qhov chaw thib peb nrog ntau cov peev txheej thiab cov nqi pheej yig dua. Qhov feem ntawm kev siv tooj liab hauv Suav teb thaum xyoo 1980s lig tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 2. Thoob ntiaj teb, ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab yog siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, xws li kev tsim cov cables, xov hlau, motors thiab lwm yam kev xa hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas lus. khoom siv. Tom qab xyoo 1980, qee qhov tooj liab siv hauv kev sib txuas lus tau hloov los ntawm fiber ntau optical. Tooj liab kuj yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam tiv thaiv. Vim tias tooj liab muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo, nws tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Kev tsim cov xov hlau thiab cables yuav tsum muaj cov tooj liab ntshiab (muaj ntau dua 99.95%), uas yog ua kom zoo los ntawm electrolysis ntawm blister tooj liab. Tooj liab tuaj yeem tsim tau ntau yam tseem ceeb alloys nrog zinc, tin, aluminium, npib tsib xee, beryllium, thiab lwm yam. Brass (tooj liab-zinc alloy) thiab bronze (tooj liab-tin alloy) yog siv los tsim bearings, pistons, keyboards, roj kav, tshav kub exchangers, thiab lwm yam. Txhuas bronze (tooj liab-aluminium alloy) muaj zog vibration tsis kam thiab yuav siv tau los ua castings uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog thiab toughness. Monel alloy ntawm tooj liab-nickel alloys yog nto moo rau nws corrosion kuj thiab feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov li qub, twj, thiab high-pressure chav tsev. Dawb tooj liab yog tooj liab-nickel alloy nrog zoo mechanical zog thiab corrosion kuj, thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv precision machinery manufacturing. Beryllium bronze (beryllium-muaj tooj liab alloy) muaj cov khoom siv kho tshuab uas tshaj cov hlau zoo thiab tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv, cov cuab yeej thiab xov tooj cua. Cov khoom siv tooj liab yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj tua kab, fungicides, pigments, electroplating, galvanic roj teeb, dyes thiab catalysts. Oxygen-free tooj liab yog siv nyob rau hauv waveguides, lub tshuab nqus tsev raj thiab transistor Cheebtsam, iav thiab hlau ntsaws ruaj ruaj, coaxial cables, thiab stabilization ntawm superconducting sib nqus windings vim nws siab purity thiab tsis muaj hydrogen embrittlement teeb meem. Cov tooj liab tawv tawv yog siv los ua tooj liab busbars, contactors, ntau hom conductors, radar Cheebtsam, keyboards thiab contacts, thiab lwm yam. Cov saum toj no ob hom tooj liab kho nrog nyiaj yog siv los ua cov cuab yeej uas yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm softening, xws li windings ntawm transformers. , generators thiab loj synchronous generators. Phosphorus deoxidized tooj liab feem ntau yog siv los ua cov raj rau cov tub yees thiab cua txias, rectifiers, cov kav dej lossis cov kav dej roj (thaum hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, vuam kev ua tau zoo lossis kev ua haujlwm brazing yuav tsum tau ua). Dawb-txiav tooj liab feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv threaded thiab lwm cov lus qhia vuam, clamps, terminals thiab hloov cov khoom siv.
