Keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab
Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg pom thiab tseem yog thawj cov hlau siv los ntawm tib neeg. Cov hlaws tooj liab ua los ntawm cov tooj liab uas tau khawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los nyob rau sab qaum teb Iraq tau kwv yees tias muaj hnub nyoog ntau dua 10,000 xyoo.
Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, tooj liab liab, uas yog, ntuj tooj liab forged los ntawm hammering, twb tau siv nyob rau hauv Xia Dynasty 4, 000 xyoo dhau los. Ze li ntawm 20 cov khoom siv tooj liab tau khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Huangniangniangtai hauv Wuwei, Gansu hauv xyoo 1957 thiab 1959. Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas, cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cov khoom siv tooj liab yog siab li 99.63% txog 99.87%, tag nrho cov no yog tooj liab ntshiab. Txawm hais tias qhov kev siv tau ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws tsis yooj yim rau rho tawm ntawm nws cov ore. Txoj kev rho tawm tooj liab siv los ntawm lub pob zeb tooj liab hauv Falun, Sweden nyob rau xyoo pua 13th yog los ci cov sulfide ore, thiab tom qab ntawd siv dej los cais cov tooj liab sulfate tsim. Tom qab ntws saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, cov tooj liab yuav los nag, thiab cov txheej nyias nyias tsim tau yooj yim sib cais. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nyiaj txiag loj ntawm Falun, Sweden thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, txoj kev ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm tooj liab los ntawm ntuj tooj liab yog siv cov khoom siv tooj liab rau cov tooj liab ntub dej. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntub dej, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev tsim tawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm ntiaj teb chemistry. Lub Huainanzi Wanbishu ntawm Western Han Dynasty sau tseg tias thaum Zengqing ntsib hlau, nws hloov mus ua tooj liab. Zengqing yog tooj liab sulfate. Cov qauv no tuaj yeem hais qhia hauv cov qauv tshuaj niaj hnub no: CuSO4+Fe=FeSO4+Cu. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1933, thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm Yixu hauv Anyang County, Henan Province, 18.8 kg ntawm malachite, charcoal blocks nrog lub cheeb ntawm ntau tshaj 1 ntiv tes, lub kaus mom dav dav ua los ntawm cov tais diav rau tooj liab, thiab 21.8 kg ntawm coal slag. tau pom, uas tau piav qhia lwm txoj hauv kev siv los ntawm cov neeg Suav thaum ub kom tau tooj liab los ntawm cov mines tooj liab ntau dua 3, 000 xyoo dhau los: hlawv qee qhov ci ntsuab malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 thiab tsaus xiav azurite 2CuCO3.Cu( OH) 2 nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kom tau txais tooj liab oxide, thiab tom qab ntawd txo nws nrog carbon kom tau hlau tooj liab.
Txawm li cas los xij, txij li cov khoom ua los ntawm smelted tooj liab yog mos heev, yooj yim rau khoov, thiab sai sai ua blunt, tib neeg pom tias ntxiv tin rau tooj liab los ua ib tug tooj liab-tin alloy, bronze, yuav ua rau kom nws hardness heev (yog hais tias lub hardness ntawm tin yog. teem rau ntawm 5, ces lub hardness ntawm tooj liab yog 30, thiab hardness ntawm bronze yog 100-150). Txij li cov khoom siv tooj liab yog yooj yim dua rau yaj thiab ua ntau dua tooj liab, thiab yog ib qho nyuaj, yooj yim rau yaj, yooj yim rau cam khwb cia, thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua, lawv kuj tau zoo siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze hauv Suav keeb kwm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv tooj liab ntau. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 280 BC, tus vajtswv hnub ci tooj liab sawv ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Rhodes ntawm cov kob ntawm Rhodes hauv Hiav Txwv Aegean hauv Tebchaws Europe yog 46 meters siab, nrog cov ntiv tes siab dua li cov neeg laus, thiab tseem ua los ntawm tooj liab.
