Ib tsab xov xwm kom nkag siab txog cov tooj liab ore thiab nws cov concentrates
Hlau tooj liab, lub cim cim Cu, atomic hnyav 63.54, tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus 8.92, melting point 1083 degree. Ntshiab tooj liab yog lub teeb sawv los yog lub teeb liab xim. Tom qab ib zaj duab xis tooj liab oxide yog tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw, qhov tsos ua liab-liab, yog li nws feem ntau hu ua liab tooj liab. Tooj liab yog ib yam khoom uas muaj leej faj-hlub. Nws feem ntau tsim sulfides hauv qhov xwm txheej. Nws tsuas yog tsim oxides nyob rau hauv muaj zog oxidizing tej yam kev mob. Ntuj tooj liab tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv kev txo qis.
Tam sim no, ntau tshaj 250 hom tooj liab thiab tooj liab cov zaub mov tau pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, feem ntau yog sulfides thiab zoo sib xws, tooj liab oxides, ntuj tooj liab, thiab tooj liab sulfates, carbonates, thiab silicates. Cov ntxhia hauv chav kawm.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev faib khoom hauv cheeb tsam, muaj tsib cheeb tsam nrog cov nplua nuj tooj liab nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb: sab hnub poob foothills ntawm Andes hauv Peru thiab Chile hauv South America; thaj chaw Luoji thiab Daping Valley nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Tebchaws Meskas; Congo thiab Zambia hauv Africa; lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan; sab hnub tuaj Canada thiab nruab nrab. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub teb chaws kev faib tawm, lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej tooj liab feem ntau yog nyob hauv Chile, Tebchaws Meskas, Zambia, CIS thiab Peru. Chile yog lub tebchaws uas muaj tooj liab nplua nuj tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab nws cov nyiaj khaws cia tooj liab suav txog li 1/4 ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov reserves.
--Kev faib tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tooj liab reserves
Txawm hais tias kuv lub teb chaws yog lub npe hu ua lub teb chaws uas muaj tooj liab loj, nws cov txiaj ntsim zoo ntawm tooj liab yog cov neeg pluag thiab muaj ntau yam tsis xws luag: xws li me me deposit scale, ntau cov nplua nuj ores, ob peb nplua nuj ores, ntau ore cuam tshuam, thiab ob peb lub tooj liab mines. . Feem ntau, kuv lub teb chaws cov peev txheej tooj liab kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab qib, nrog kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb qis thiab tsis muaj peev txheej tooj liab txaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv tooj liab. Tam sim no, kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom siv tooj liab tuaj yeem suav txog li 75% ntawm qhov xav tau tag nrho.
--Kev faib tawm thaj chaw ntawm cov mines tooj liab hauv kuv lub tebchaws
Copper smelting txheej txheem
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tooj liab smelting tshuab tau dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntev, tab sis txog tam sim no tooj liab smelting tseem yog tus thawj coj los ntawm hluav taws kub smelting, uas nws cov zis tso nyiaj rau kwv yees li 85% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov khoom siv tooj liab.
Hluav taws kub smelting
--pyromethod smelting tsob nroj
Hluav taws kub refining yog tsim cathode tooj liab, uas yog, electrolytic tooj liab, los ntawm melting refining thiab electrolytic refining. Nws yog feem ntau haum rau qib high-qib tooj liab sulfide ores.
Cov txheej txheem pyrometallurgical smelting yog luv thiab hloov tau, thiab tus nqi rov qab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 95%. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias cov sulfur hauv cov ore raug tso tawm raws li sulfur dioxide pov tseg roj hauv ob theem ntawm matte ua thiab tshuab, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau rov qab thiab yooj yim ua rau muaj kuab paug.
--Hydro-smelting cog
Feem ntau haum rau qib qis tooj liab oxide, cov tooj liab refined uas yog hu ua electrolytic tooj liab.
Copper ore thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam pricing mechanism
Copper ore yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv loj hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Peb lub teb chaws yog ib lub teb chaws tsis muaj tooj liab thiab yuav tsum tau xa cov tooj liab ntau ntau txhua xyoo kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau hauv tsev. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm tooj liab concentrate yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov. Los ntawm cov khoom muag, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab, cov ntsiab lus hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, cov khoom tsis zoo, thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis huv. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus nqi mechanism, nws yog ze ze rau theem ntawm cov nqi kev sib tham ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom thiab tus muag khoom thiab kev xaiv ntawm lub sijhawm tus nqi.
Tam sim no, kuv lub teb chaws cov tooj liab tau txais txiaj ntsig feem ntau yog tus nqi raws li cov qauv, thiab qee lub tuam txhab tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov neeg muag khoom, tab sis daim ntawv cog lus tus nqi tsis yog tus nqi tseem ceeb. Hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, tus nqi ntawm tooj liab, kub thiab nyiaj hauv tooj liab concentrates feem ntau suav nrog cov nqi pauv ntawm tooj liab, kub thiab nyiaj luam tawm hauv Cov Ntawv Xov Xwm Hlau (METAL BULLETIN) luam tawm los ntawm London Hardware Exchange (LME).
Formula pricing The pricing formula for imported copper concentrate yog feem ntau: tus nqi pib ib ton qhuav ntawm tooj liab concentrate=(tooj liab ntsiab lus - poob) * London tooj liab nqi thaum lub sij hawm tus nqi - ua nqi + (kub ntsiab lus * rov qab tus nqi) * London kub tus nqi - tus nqi ua + (nyiaj cov ntsiab lus * rov qab tus nqi) * London nyiaj tus nqi - tus nqi ua yuav raug txiav tawm rau cov teeb meem yog tias tus nqi ua ntau dua tus qauv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov chaw lag luam me thiab nruab nrab lossis cov lag luam lag luam tau txais cov nqi sib txawv ntawm tus nqi rau tus nqi tuaj txawv teb chaws tooj liab mloog zoo, uas yog, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tuaj txawv teb chaws=cov ntsiab lus tooj liab * LME tooj liab tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm pricing * pricing coefficient. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias nws yog tus nqi los ntawm kev txiav cov nqi ua lag luam lossis cov nqi sib tw, thaum qhov zoo thiab lwm yam ntawm hnub kos npe tsis txawv ntau, cov nqi tau los ntawm ob txoj kev nqi yuav tsum nyob ze.
