Cov yam ntxwv ntawm steel
Brass yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc
Dawb tooj liab yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee
Bronze yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog zinc thiab npib tsib xee, feem ntau yog tin bronze, aluminium bronze, thiab lwm yam.
Liab tooj liab yog tooj liab nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab, thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm yam impurities tsawg dua 1%.
Liab tooj liab yog tooj liab ntshiab, tseem hu ua liab tooj liab. Qhov ceev ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog 8.96 thiab lub melting point yog 1083 degree. Nws muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity, zoo heev plasticity, thiab yooj yim rau txheej txheem los ntawm kub nias thiab txias nias. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov xov hlau, cables, txhuam, tshwj xeeb electro-etching tooj liab rau hluav taws xob sparks, thiab lwm yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau zoo conductivity.
Nws muaj npe vim nws cov xim liab-liab. Nws tsis yog tooj liab dawb huv. Qee lub sij hawm me me ntawm deoxidizing cov ntsiab lus lossis lwm cov ntsiab lus tau ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab kev ua haujlwm, yog li nws kuj tau muab faib ua tooj liab alloy. Raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, Suav cov khoom siv tooj liab tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: tooj liab zoo tib yam (T1, T2, T3, T4), tooj liab tsis muaj oxygen (TU1, TU2 thiab siab-purity, nqus pa tsis muaj tooj liab), deoxidized tooj liab. (TUP, TUMn), thiab tooj liab tshwj xeeb nrog ib qho me me ntawm cov hlau alloy (arsenic tooj liab, tellurium tooj liab, nyiaj tooj liab).
Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj, thiab nws yog dav siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductive. Tooj liab muaj corrosion kuj zoo nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, dej hiav txwv, tej yam uas tsis yog-oxidizing acids (hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid), alkalis, ntsev tov thiab ntau yam organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid), thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tooj liab muaj qhov zoo weldability thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv ntau yam khoom ua tiav thiab tiav los ntawm kev ua cov yas txias thiab kub. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov khoom siv tooj liab tau tshaj tawm tag nrho ntawm lwm hom tooj liab alloys.
Cov kab impurities hauv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Ntawm lawv, titanium, phosphorus, hlau, silicon, thiab lwm yam ua rau txo cov hluav taws xob conductivity, thaum cadmium, zinc, thiab lwm yam muaj cov nyhuv me me. Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, thiab lwm yam muaj cov khoom solubility tsawg heev hauv tooj liab thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib txuas nrog tooj liab. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm conductivity, tab sis tuaj yeem txo cov txheej txheem plasticity. Thaum cov tooj liab zoo tib yam yog cua sov hauv qhov chaw uas muaj hydrogen lossis carbon monoxide, hydrogen los yog carbon monoxide yooj yim reacts nrog cuprous oxide (Cu2O) ntawm cov ciam teb los tsim cov dej kub los yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tooj liab tawg. Qhov tshwm sim no feem ntau hu ua "hydrogen kab mob" ntawm tooj liab. Oxygen yog teeb meem rau lub weldability ntawm tooj liab. Bismuth los yog txhuas ua cov ntsiab lus qis-melting eutectic nrog tooj liab, ua rau tooj liab kub thiab nkig; thiab thaum brittle bismuth tau muab faib rau hauv daim ntawv nyias nyias ntawm cov ciam teb, nws ua rau tooj liab txias thiab nkig. Phosphorus tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab, tab sis nws tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj dej ntawm cov kua tooj liab thiab txhim kho weldability. Kev tsim nyog ntawm cov hlau lead, tellurium, sulfur, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.
Brass: Copper alloys nrog zinc raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb muaj cov xim daj zoo nkauj thiab raug hu ua tooj dag. Copper-zinc binary alloys yog hu ua tooj dag lossis tooj dag yooj yim. Cov tooj dag uas muaj ntau tshaj peb lub ntsiab lus hu ua tooj dag tshwj xeeb lossis tooj dag complex. Brass alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus zinc tsawg dua 36% yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo thiab muaj cov khoom ua haujlwm txias. Piv txwv li, tooj dag nrog zinc cov ntsiab lus ntawm 30% feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv cartridge, feem ntau hu ua cartridge brass lossis 73 tooj dag. Brass alloys nrog zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 36% thiab 42% yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv, ntawm 64 tooj dag nrog zinc ntsiab lus ntawm 40% yog feem ntau siv. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tooj dag zoo tib yam, lwm yam khoom xws li txhuas, npib tsib xee, manganese, tin, silicon, txhuas, thiab lwm yam. Aluminium tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, hardness thiab corrosion kuj ntawm tooj dag, tab sis txo nws cov plasticity, ua rau nws haum rau sea-mus condensers thiab lwm yam corrosion-resistant qhov chaw. Tin tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab corrosion tsis kam ntawm tooj dag rau cov dej hiav txwv, yog li nws yog hu ua naval tooj dag, uas yog siv rau cov khoom siv hauv nkoj thermal thiab cov kiv cua. Cov hmoov txhuas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tooj dag; Qhov no yooj yim-rau-txiav tooj dag feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom saib. Brass castings feem ntau yog siv los ua cov li qub thiab cov yeeb nkab fittings, thiab lwm yam.
Bronze: Keeb kwm yog hais txog tooj liab-tin alloy, thiab tom qab ntawd tooj liab alloys uas tsis yog tooj dag thiab npib tsib xee nyiaj hu ua tooj liab, thiab lub npe ntawm thawj lub ntsiab lus ntxiv feem ntau yog ntxiv ua ntej lub npe ntawm tooj liab. Tin bronze muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev sib txhuam kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov bearings, worm gears, gears, thiab lwm yam. Lead bronze yog cov khoom siv bearing dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cav thiab grinders. Aluminium bronze muaj lub zog siab, zoo hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj, thiab yog siv los cam khwb cia siab load zog, bushings, marine propellers, thiab lwm yam. Beryllium bronze thiab phosphor bronze muaj siab elastic txwv thiab zoo conductivity, thiab yog haum rau manufacturing precision springs. thiab hluav taws xob tiv tauj cov ntsiab lus. Beryllium bronze kuj tseem siv los tsim cov cuab yeej tsis muaj hluav taws xob siv hauv cov mines, roj depots, thiab lwm yam.
Nickel nyiaj: tooj liab alloy nrog npib tsib xee ua lub ntsiab ntxiv. Copper-nickel binary alloy yog hu ua cov nyiaj npib tsib xee zoo tib yam; npib tsib xee nyiaj alloy nrog manganese, hlau, zinc, txhuas thiab lwm yam yog hu ua complex nickel nyiaj. Kev lag luam npib tsib xee nyiaj tau muab faib ua ob pawg: cov txheej txheem nickel nyiaj thiab hluav taws xob npib tsib xee nyiaj. Cov txheej txheem npib tsib xee nyiaj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab xim zoo nkauj. Hom tooj liab dawb no yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tshuab precision, tshuaj machinery thiab nkoj khoom. Hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab feem ntau muaj zoo thermoelectric zog.
Manganese tooj liab, constantan thiab tooj liab yog manganese dawb tooj liab nrog sib txawv manganese ntsiab lus. Lawv yog cov khoom siv los tsim cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob precision, varistors, precision resistors, strain gauges, thermocouples, thiab lwm yam.
