Keeb kwm ntawm tooj liab
Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg pom thiab thawj cov hlau uas tib neeg tau pib siv. Cov hlaws tooj liab ua los ntawm cov tooj liab uas tau pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los nyob rau sab qaum teb Iraq tau kwv yees tias muaj hnub nyoog ntau dua 10,000 xyoo.
Hauv peb lub tebchaws, Xia Dynasty 4, 000 xyoo dhau los pib siv tooj liab liab, uas yog tooj liab hammered tawm. Xyoo 1957 thiab 1959, ze li ntawm 20 daim ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tau pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw Huangniangniang Terrace hauv Wuwei, xeev Gansu. Tom qab kev soj ntsuam, cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cov khoom siv tooj liab yog siab li 99.63% mus rau 99.87%, thiab lawv tag nrho cov tooj liab ntshiab. Raws li cov ntshiab tooj liab, txawm hais tias mineable mineral deposits kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws tsis yog nyuaj rau rho tawm los ntawm nws ores. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, txoj kev rho tawm tooj liab siv los ntawm cov tooj liab hauv Falun, Sweden, yog los ci cov sulfide ore thiab tom qab ntawd siv dej los rho tawm. Tom qab cov tooj liab sulfate tsim tau sib cais thiab ntws thoob plaws qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, cov tooj liab yuav los nag, thiab cov txheej nyias nyias tuaj yeem sib cais tau yooj yim. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev nplua nuj nyob hauv Falun, Sweden thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, txoj kev ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm tooj liab yog siv cov khoom siv tooj liab los ua cov tooj liab ntub dej. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntub dej, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev tsim tawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm ntiaj teb chemistry. "Huainanzi · Wanbishu" ntawm Western Han Dynasty cov ntaub ntawv: Zeng Qing tau hlau thiab muab nws ua tooj liab. Zeng Qing yog tooj liab sulfate. Cov qauv tshuaj niaj hnub rau txoj kev no yog: CuSO4+Fe=FeSO4+Cu. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1933, thaum khawb hauv Yixu, Anyang County, Henan Province, malachite hnyav 18.8 kilograms, charcoal blocks nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntau tshaj 1 ntiv tes, cov kaus mom dav dav siv rau cov tais diav tooj liab, thiab cov cinders hnyav 21.8 kilograms tau pom, qhia tau tias. uas 3,000 Lwm txoj kev siv los ntawm Suav thaum ub kom tau tooj liab los ntawm tooj liab mines ntau xyoo dhau los yog hlawv ib co ci ntsuab malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 thiab tsaus xiav azurite 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 ores nyob rau hauv. huab cua. Tau txais tooj liab oxide thiab tom qab ntawd txo nws nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide kom tau cov xim hlau tooj liab.
Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, txij li cov khoom ua los ntawm tooj liab yog mos heev, yooj yim rau khoov, thiab sai sai dulled, cov neeg pom tias tin tau tov rau hauv tooj liab los ua ib tug tooj liab-tin alloy - bronze, thiaj li hais tias nws hardness tau zoo heev. Kev txhim kho (yog tias tus nqi hardness ntawm tin yog teem rau 5, ces qhov hardness ntawm tooj liab yog 30, thiab hardness ntawm bronze yog 100 mus rau 150). Vim tias cov khoom siv tooj liab yog yooj yim dua rau smelt thiab ua dua tooj liab, thiab yog ib qho nyuaj, yooj yim rau yaj, yooj yim rau cam khwb cia thiab zoo li, thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua, lawv kuj tau zoo siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog Bronze nyob rau hauv Suav keeb kwm, bronze tau dav siv los ntawm daim ntawv thov. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 280 BC, tus vajtswv hnub ci tooj liab uas sawv hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Rhodes ntawm cov kob ntawm Rhodes hauv Hiav Txwv Aegean hauv Tebchaws Europe yog 46 meters siab, nrog ntiv tes siab li ib tug neeg laus. Nws kuj yog ua los ntawm bronze.
Copper kev lag luam kev loj hlob
Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, tooj liab tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Los ntawm xyoo 1960, kev siv tooj liab hauv ob qhov kev lag luam no suav txog 28%. Los ntawm 1997, ob qhov kev lag luam no tseem yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tooj liab, suav txog ntau dua 25%. Tom qab ntawd, tooj liab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob, lub teeb kev lag luam, machinery manufacturing, tsim kev lag luam, tsheb thauj mus los thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Cov neeg siv khoom lag luam tooj liab kuj tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asmeskas ua ntej 2000 mus rau cov teb chaws tsim xws li Tuam Tshoj, Russia, Is Nrias teb thiab Brazil tom qab 2000. Raws li Tuam Tshoj muaj kev txhawj xeeb, tooj liab tsuas yog thib ob rau txhuas hauv kev noj cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. cov ntaub ntawv.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam tooj liab: Hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, raws li kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam tooj liab txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv, kev sib koom ua ke, kev yuav khoom, kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev lag luam peev ntawm cov tuam txhab ua tooj liab loj tau nce zuj zus. Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam zoo heev hauv teb chaws tau them nyiaj ntau dua thiab ntau dua rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tob txog kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tiam sis. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo heev hauv kev ua tooj liab tau nce sai thiab maj mam dhau los ua cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam tooj liab!
Kev Txhim Kho Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Kev Lag Luam Copper Recycled
Tooj liab muaj cov khoom zoo heev thiab yooj yim rau rov qab thiab rov ua dua. Tam sim no, cov teb chaws tsim kho twb tau ua tiav cov khoom siv tooj liab rov ua dua tshiab. Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv tooj liab rov ua dua tshiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas suav txog 60% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees suav txog 80%. Rau Tuam Tshoj, uas yog luv ntawm cov peev txheej tooj liab, ntxiv rau kev nquag nrhiav cov peev txheej tooj liab txawv teb chaws, nws tseem ceeb heev los tsim kev lag luam tooj liab rov qab.
Txawm li cas los xij, kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev tsim kho kev lag luam kuj tseem lig. Tam sim no, ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tsis yog hlau hauv cov neeg siv khoom lag luam tseem tsis tau nkag mus rau lub voj voog seem. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov khoom seem yog rov ua dua tshiab, nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tooj liab. Imported seem tooj liab thiab tooj liab concentrate tseem yog tus yuam sij rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kuv lub teb chaws refined tooj liab kev lag luam. qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw. kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab tseem nyob hauv nws cov me nyuam mos thiab muaj kev cia siab dav rau kev txhim kho yav tom ntej.
