Nkag siab qhov sib txawv ntawm tooj dag, phosphor bronze thiab liab tooj liab nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm
Ntshiab tooj liab yog xim liab-liab hlau, feem ntau hu ua "liab tooj liab", "liab tooj liab" los yog "liab tooj liab". Ntshiab tooj liab yog heev malleable. Cov tooj liab ntshiab, qhov loj ntawm cov dej ntws, tuaj yeem ncab mus rau hauv filaments ntev txog ob kilometers, los yog dov mus rau hauv yuav luag pob tshab foils loj dua ib lub txaj. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev, qhov thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj ntawm tag nrho cov hlau, yog li nws tau dhau los ua "protagonist" hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob.
Ntshiab tooj liab muaj ntau siv dav dua li cov hlau ntshiab. Txhua xyoo, 50% ntawm tooj liab yog electrolytically purified rau hauv ntshiab tooj liab thiab siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Cov tooj liab ntshiab uas hais ntawm no yuav tsum yog qhov tseeb heev, muaj ntau dua 99.95% tooj liab. Tsawg heev ntawm impurities, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phosphorus, arsenic, txhuas, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Cov pa oxygen muaj nyob rau hauv tooj liab (ib qho me me ntawm cov pa oxygen yooj yim sib xyaw thaum lub sij hawm tooj liab smelting) muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev ua haujlwm. Tooj liab siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob feem ntau yuav tsum yog tooj liab tsis muaj oxygen.
Tsis tas li ntawd, impurities xws li txhuas, antimony, thiab bismuth yuav tiv thaiv cov tooj liab crystals los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, ua rau thermal brittleness thiab cuam tshuam rau kev ua cov tooj liab ntshiab. Qhov no hom ntawm high-purity ntshiab tooj liab yog feem ntau refined los ntawm electrolysis: impure tooj liab (piv txwv li blister tooj liab) yog siv raws li lub anode, ntshiab tooj liab yog siv raws li cathode, thiab tooj liab sulfate tov yog siv raws li cov electrolyte. Thaum tam sim no dhau mus, cov tooj liab tsis huv ntawm lub anode maj mam yaj, thiab cov tooj liab ntshiab maj mam precipitates ntawm cathode. Cov tooj liab yog li refined muaj purity txog li 99.99%.
Liab tooj liab yog ib hom tooj liab ntshiab. Feem ntau nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tooj liab ntshiab. Nws muaj cov hluav taws xob zoo conductivity thiab plasticity, tab sis tsis muaj zog thiab hardness.
Khoom thiab kev siv ntawm tooj dag:
Brass yog ib hom tooj liab uas muaj lwm yam alloys. Nws yog pheej yig dua tooj liab. Nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab plasticity yog me ntsis phem dua li tooj liab, tab sis nws lub zog thiab hardness yog siab dua.
Brass yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc. Cov tooj dag yooj yim tshaj plaws yog tooj liab-zinc binary alloy, hu ua tooj dag yooj yim lossis tooj dag zoo tib yam. Brass nrog cov khoom sib txawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev hloov cov ntsiab lus zinc hauv cov tooj dag. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus zinc hauv tooj dag, qhov siab dua nws lub zog thiab me ntsis plasticity. Cov ntsiab lus zinc ntawm tooj dag siv hauv kev lag luam tsis tshaj 45%. Cov ntsiab lus zinc ntau dua yuav ua rau brittleness thiab deteriorate cov khoom ntawm alloy.
Ntxiv 1% tin rau tooj dag tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tooj dag lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv dej hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv cua corrosion, yog li nws hu ua "Navy Brass". Tin tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm tooj dag. Lead tooj dag yog qhov peb feem ntau hu ua yooj yim-txiav teb chaws tus qauv tooj liab. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxiv cov hmoov txhuas yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub tshuab ua haujlwm thiab hnav tsis kam. Lead tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub zog ntawm tooj dag. Engraved tooj liab kuj yog ib hom hlau lead. Feem ntau cov tooj dag muaj xim zoo, kev ua tau zoo, ductility, thiab yooj yim rau electroplated los yog pleev xim rau.
Hauv kev lag luam thiab kev siv pej xeem, cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv raug xaiv raws li kev siv sib txawv. Yog tias koj xav ua cov xov hlau, lawv yuav tsum tau softer, yog li tooj liab zoo dua. Rau qhov txuas, tooj dag feem ntau yog siv rau cov ntsia hlau.
Khoom thiab kev siv ntawm bronze:
Keeb kwm hu ua tooj liab-tin alloy, tom qab tooj liab alloys tshwj tsis yog tooj dag thiab cupronickel tau hu ua tooj liab, thiab lub npe ntawm tooj liab feem ntau ua ntej los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab ntxiv. Tin bronze muaj cov khoom zoo, kev sib txhuam zoo thiab cov khoom siv zoo, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov bearings, cab iav, iav, thiab lwm yam. Lead bronze yog cov khoom siv dav siv hauv cov tshuab niaj hnub thiab cov tshuab sib tsoo.
Aluminium bronze muaj lub zog siab, zoo hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj, thiab yog siv los cam khwb cia siab load zog, bushings, marine propellers, thiab lwm yam. Beryllium bronze thiab phosphor bronze muaj siab elastic txwv thiab zoo hluav taws xob conductivity, thiab yog haum rau manufacturing precision. springs thiab hluav taws xob tiv tauj Cheebtsam. Beryllium bronze kuj tseem siv los tsim cov cuab yeej uas tsis muaj teeb meem siv hauv cov mines, roj depots, thiab lwm yam.
Khoom thiab kev siv ntawm tooj liab dawb:
Copper alloy nrog nickel ua lub ntsiab ntxiv. Cov tooj liab-nickel binary alloy yog hu ua cupronickel zoo tib yam; cupronickel alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li manganese, hlau, zinc, thiab txhuas yog hu ua complex cupronickel. Kev lag luam dawb tooj liab tau muab faib ua ob pawg: cov qauv dawb tooj liab thiab hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab. Cov qauv dawb tooj liab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab xim zoo nkauj.
Cov tooj liab dawb no yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tshuab precision, tshuaj machinery thiab nkoj khoom. Hluav taws xob dawb tooj liab feem ntau muaj cov khoom siv thermoelectric zoo. Manganese tooj liab, constantan, thiab kaotan yog manganese-nickel tooj liab nrog sib txawv manganese ntsiab lus. Lawv yog cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob precision, varistors, precision resistors, strain gauges, thermocouples, thiab lwm yam.
Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv tooj liab, tooj dag, tooj liab thiab dawb tooj liab:
Dawb tooj liab, tooj dag, liab tooj liab (tseem hu ua "purple copper"), thiab bronze (ntsuab grey los yog greyish daj) yog qhov txawv ntawm cov xim. Ntawm lawv, tooj liab dawb thiab tooj dag yog qhov yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv; tooj liab liab yog tooj liab ntshiab (impurities<1% ), bronze (about 5% of other alloy components) are slightly difficult to distinguish. When it is not oxidized, the color of red copper is brighter than bronze, and bronze is slightly cyan or yellowish and darker; after oxidation, red copper turns black, and bronze is greenish (harmful oxidation of too much water) or chocolate color.
