Kev paub txog tooj liab
Tooj liab yog cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg siv. Raws li thaum ntxov ua ntej keeb kwm, tib neeg pib mine qhib-qhov tooj liab mines thiab siv tooj liab lawv tau los ua riam phom, cuab yeej thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Kev siv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev nce qib ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej thaum ntxov. Tooj liab yog ib yam hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab dej hiav txwv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog hais txog 0.01%, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co tooj liab deposits, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3-5%. Feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim yog cov tebchaw, uas yog tooj liab minerals. Copper minerals aggregate nrog rau lwm yam minerals los tsim tooj liab ore. Cov mined tooj liab ore ua tooj liab mloog zoo nrog qib tooj liab siab tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig.
1. Khoom
Tooj liab muaj lub cev zoo thiab tshuaj lom neeg xws li hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion kuj thiab ductility. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity yog thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj. Cov tooj liab ntshiab tuaj yeem kos rau hauv cov hlau zoo heev thiab ua rau hauv cov ntawv ci tooj liab heev. Cov ntu tshiab ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog sawv liab, tab sis tom qab tooj liab oxide zaj duab xis yog tsim rau saum npoo, qhov tsos yog xim liab-liab, yog li nws feem ntau hu ua liab tooj liab.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov tooj liab ntshiab, tooj liab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov tin, zinc, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam hlau los tsim cov alloys nrog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, xws li tooj liab, tooj dag thiab dawb tooj liab.
Ntxiv zinc rau tooj liab ntshiab (99.99%) yog hu ua tooj dag. Piv txwv li, tooj dag zoo tib yam nrog 80% tooj liab thiab 20% zinc yog siv nyob rau hauv condensers ntawm fais fab nroj tsuag thiab tsheb radiators; Ntxiv nickel yog hu ua tooj liab dawb, thiab tus so yog hu ua bronze. Tsuas yog zinc thiab npib tsib xee, tag nrho cov tooj liab alloys nrog lwm cov hlau yog hu ua tooj liab. Lawv hu ua dab tsi ntxiv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws bronzes yog tin phosphor bronze thiab beryllium bronze. Piv txwv li, tin bronze muaj keeb kwm ntev heev ntawm daim ntawv thov hauv kuv lub teb chaws thiab yog siv los nrum tswb, tripods, suab paj nruag thiab cov khoom siv txi. Tin bronze kuj tseem siv tau ua bearings, bushings thiab hnav-resistant qhov chaw.
Sib txawv ntawm cov conductivity ntawm ntshiab tooj liab, nrog kev pab los ntawm alloying, lub zog thiab corrosion kuj ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem txhim kho zoo heev. Qee cov alloys no hnav-tiv taus thiab muaj cov khoom zoo casting, thaum lwm tus muaj cov khoom siv zoo thiab corrosion kuj.
2. Siv
Vim yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws saum toj no, tooj liab muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam. Xws li kev lag luam hluav taws xob, tshuab tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los, kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, tooj liab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob los tsim cov xov hlau, kev sib txuas lus cables thiab lwm yam khoom tiav xws li lub cev muaj zog, lub tshuab hluav taws xob rotors thiab cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob thiab cov ntsuas hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm kev siv nyiaj li ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov khoom siv. tag nrho kev lag luam xav tau. Tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub computer chips, integrated circuits, transistors, luam Circuit Court boards thiab lwm yam khoom siv thiab khoom siv. Piv txwv li, transistor leads siv heev conductive thiab thermally conductive chromium-zirconium tooj liab alloys. Tsis ntev los no, IBM, lub tuam txhab muaj npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb, tau siv tooj liab los hloov cov txhuas hauv silicon chips, uas yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv tib neeg cov hlau qub tshaj plaws hauv semiconductor technology.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab -1980s, kev lag luam hluav taws xob suav rau qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv tooj liab zoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv thiab Western European lub teb chaws, thiab Tuam Tshoj tsis muaj kev zam.
Txij li thaum xyoo 1990, kev siv tooj liab rau cov kav dej hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam tau nce zuj zus, dhau los ua cov neeg siv tooj liab loj tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws. Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom luam tawm los ntawm Copper Development Association (CDA) hauv New York: Xyoo 1997, kev tsim kho kev lag luam tseem yog qhov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Kev tsim kho kev lag luam feem ntau siv tooj liab qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion los tsim cov kav dej, lub ru tsev thiab lwm yam dej thiab cov kav dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj yog siv rau hauv tsev kho kom zoo nkauj vim nws zoo nkauj tsos. Kev siv tooj liab hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam suav rau thawj qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Raws li kev txheeb cais sab hauv los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Nonferrous Metals Group, xyoo 1997, kev lag luam hluav taws xob (xws li cov xov hlau thiab cables) suav txog 77.7% ntawm kuv lub teb chaws siv tooj liab, dhau los ua lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau tooj liab. Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, daim ntawv thov ntawm tooj liab tau nthuav dav, thiab tooj liab tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm hauv tshuaj, biology, superconductivity thiab ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, thaum polyurethane yas ua npuas ncauj muaj tooj liab lossis tooj liab oxide, nws tuaj yeem txo cov pa roj carbon monoxide zoo heev tso tawm thaum cov yas no hlawv - hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem txo qhov kis ntawm cov kab mob ntsws, inhibit cov kab mob loj hlob, thiab ua kom cov dej haus huv thiab huv. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob yav tom ntej ntawm cov kav dej tooj liab hauv kev tsim kho hauv tsev yuav yog qhov dav heev.
3. Copper reserves:
Lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej tooj liab kuj nplua nuj. Raws li kev txheeb cais los ntawm US Bureau of Mines hauv 1995, lub ntiaj teb cov tooj liab hlau reserves yog 310 lab tons, thiab lub hauv paus cia yog 590 lab tons. Cov teb chaws uas muaj tooj liab loj tshaj plaws yog Chile thiab Tebchaws Meskas, suav txog 23.7% thiab 15.3% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej, raws li Poland 15%, Zambia 6%, Russia 5%, Zaire 5%, Peru 4%. , Canada 4%, thiab Australia 4%.
Cov kev lag luam ntawm tooj liab mines nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tau muab faib ua cuaj pawg: hom porphyry, sandstone shale hom, tooj liab-nickel sulfide hom, pyrite hom, tooj liab-uranium-kub hom, ntuj tooj liab hom, vein hom, carbonate hom, thiab skarn. hom. Thawj plaub pawg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, suav txog 96% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov tooj liab reserves, ntawm cov porphyry thiab sandstone shale mines account rau 55% thiab 29% feem. Muaj txog 60 qhov loj tooj liab mines nrog tooj liab reserves ntawm ntau tshaj 5 lab tons nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, ntawm uas porphyry mines account rau 38 thiab sandstone shale mines account rau 15, accounting rau 88% ntawm cov loj tooj liab mines nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Muaj tsawg heev tooj liab concentrate cov peev txheej muaj rau mining hauv Suav teb. Tam sim no, cov mines tooj liab loj yog Dexing Copper Mine hauv Jiangxi, Yulong Copper Mine hauv Tibet, Yulong Copper Mine thiab qhov nyuam qhuav pom Ashele Copper Mine hauv Xinjiang. 4. Copper smelting txheej txheem Cov tooj liab ore mined los ntawm cov tooj liab mine ua tooj liab mloog zoo los yog tooj liab ore xuab zeb nrog qib tooj liab ntau dua tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig. Cov tooj liab mloog zoo yuav tsum tau smelted thiab muab rho tawm ua ntej nws tuaj yeem ua cov khoom siv tooj liab thiab tooj liab. Tam sim no, muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau smelt tooj liab hauv ntiaj teb: pyrometallurgy thiab hydrometallurgy (SX-EX) 1. Txoj kev tua hluav taws:
Cathode tooj liab, tseem hu ua electrolytic tooj liab, yog tsim los ntawm smelting thiab electrolytic refining, uas yog feem ntau haum rau qib high-qib tooj liab sulfide ores.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv tooj liab, cov khoom siv tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom zoo tooj liab, nrog rau cov khoom qub qub thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab tshiab. Cov khoom qub qub los ntawm cov khoom qub thiab
cov tshuab qub, cov tsev tso tseg thiab cov kav dej hauv av; Cov khoom siv tooj liab tshiab los ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab pov tseg los ntawm kev ua cov nroj tsuag (cov khoom siv tooj liab yog li 50%). Feem ntau, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab yog qhov ruaj khov. Khawb tooj liab tuaj yeem muab faib ua: liab qab seem tooj liab: qib siab tshaj 90%; daj seem tooj liab (hlau): cov khoom siv tooj liab ( qub motors, Circuit Court boards);
Cov tooj liab uas ua los ntawm cov khoom seem tooj liab thiab lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws kuj hu ua tooj liab rov ua dua.
2. Txoj kev ntub dej:
Ib lub nkoj tsim nyog rau qib qis tooj liab oxide, thiab cov tooj liab ua kom zoo nkauj hu ua electrolytic tooj liab.
Cov txheej txheem ntub dej smelting yog:
3. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob txheej txheem ntawm pyrometallurgy thiab hydrometallurgy
Muab piv rau ob txoj kev tsim cov tooj liab ntawm pyrometallurgy thiab hydrometallurgy, muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
(1) Cov khoom siv smelting tom kawg yog yooj yim dua, tab sis cov ntsiab lus impurity siab dua, uas yog ib qho txiaj ntsig ntxiv rau yav dhau los.
(2) Cov tom kawg muaj kev txwv thiab raug rau qib thiab hom ore.
(3) Tus nqi qub yog kwv yees li 70-80 cents/pound (kwv yees 1540-1760 US dollars/ton), hos tus nqi tom kawg tsuas yog 30-40 cents/pound (txog { {4}} US dollars/ton).
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias hydrometallurgy thev naus laus zis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tab sis nws qhov kev thov tsuas yog txwv. Tsis yog txhua qhov tooj liab tuaj yeem smelted nrog cov txheej txheem no. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, ntau thiab ntau lub tebchaws, suav nrog Tebchaws Meskas, Chile, Canada, Australia, Mexico thiab Peru, tau siv cov txheej txheem no rau ntau qhov chaw tooj liab hauv xyoo tas los no. Kev txhim kho ntawm hydrometallurgy thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm nws daim ntawv thov tau txo cov nqi ntawm cov tooj liab, ua kom muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm cov mines tooj liab, nce cov peev txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv zej zog, thiab muaj cov khoom siv hauv zej zog. rub cov nyhuv ntawm tus nqi. Xyoo 1997, tus nqi yav tom ntej ntawm tooj liab poob los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 2,600 US dollars ib ton hauv 1996 mus txog 1,600 US dollars ib tuj thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1998. Qhov no yog ncaj qha ntsig txog qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov txheej txheem hydrometallurgical tau nce zoo heev, ua rau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tus nqi qis tooj liab raug muab tso rau hauv lub khw. Tam sim no, txij li tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov tooj liab yog nruab nrab ntawm 1,400 thiab 1,600 US las ib tuj (64-73 xees ib phaus), qhov poob ntawm cov nqi yav tom ntej yog qhov tsim nyog rov qab los ntawm tus nqi rau tus nqi. Raws li nws qhov kev faib ua feem hauv cov txheej txheem smelting tseem nce ntxiv, tus nqi sib piv ntawm tooj liab yuav cuam tshuam ntau dua. Raws li cov lus ceeb toom, tam sim no tus nqi qis tshaj ntawm hydrometallurgical tooj liab smelting tsuas yog 20 xees ib phaus (sib npaug rau 450 US las ib ton), qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 77 xees ib phaus (sib npaug rau 1,697.5 US dollars ib ton), thiab qhov nruab nrab yog hais txog. tsawg dua 50 xees ib phaus (sib npaug rau 1,100 US dollars ib tuj). Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv 1995, qhov nruab nrab zus tau tej cov nqi ntawm ntub tooj liab smelting tsuas yog 39 xees ib phaus. Tsis ntev los no, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom ntub dej smelting tau nce, feem ntau vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tooj liab ntub dej tau txuas ntxiv mus rau kev kho cov tooj liab sulfide minerals. Cov txheej txheem ntub dej smelting yog tsim nyog rau kev kho cov tooj liab oxide minerals thiab cov ore tsis zoo, thaum kho sulfide minerals thiab richer ores, los yog thaum lub mine nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam txias, zus tau tej cov nqi ntawm ntub tooj liab smelting technology kuj siab dua, feem ntau. tshaj 50 xees ib phaus. Tuam Tshoj pib kawm thev naus laus zis ntawm kev rho tawm tooj liab los ntawm qib qis tooj liab ore nyob rau xyoo 1970s. Nyob rau hauv 1983, thawj cov nroj tsuag ntub dej smelting tau tsim, nrog rau txhua xyoo tso zis ntawm 120 tons. Tsis ntev los no, vim muaj kev qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws tooj liab extractors thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab hauv zos, ntau lub chaw ntub dej me me tau tsim, txij li ob peb puas mus rau 2, 000 tons, tab sis txhua xyoo cov khoom siv tooj liab. tsuas yog 15,000 tons, uas yog deb ntawm txaus piv nrog rau txhua xyoo tso zis ntawm 1 lab tons ntawm refined tooj liab nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws. Tam sim no, tus nqi ntawm cov tooj liab hauv kuv lub teb chaws yog kwv yees li 18,500 yuan, ntau dua li lub ntiaj teb qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1,477 US las (67 xees). Lub sijhawm "95" lub sijhawm, Lub Xeev Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Tuam Tshoj Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation tau teev cov phiaj xwm hydrometallurgical raws li kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, thiab tau tsim ntau lub chaw ua yeeb yam hauv Dexing Copper Mine, Yulong Copper Mine, Daye Tonglushan Copper Mine thiab lwm qhov chaw. Tom qab ob peb xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, nws kwv yees tias kuv lub teb chaws hydrometallurgical thev naus laus zis yuav muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua no, thiab cov peev txheej tsim tawm txhua xyoo tau kwv yees kom ncav cuag ntau dua 50,000 tons. Raws li kev txheeb cais, cov zis ntawm refined tooj liab los ntawm hydrometallurgical tooj liab smelting accounted rau 2.5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no refined tooj liab tso zis nyob rau hauv 1980, thiab qhov kev faib ua feem tau nce mus rau 10% nyob rau hauv 1994 thiab 18% nyob rau hauv 1997. Nws xav tias qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm hydrometallurgical tooj liab. ntau lawm yuav nce mus txog ntawm 25-35%.
