Kev paub yooj yim ntawm cov khoom siv hlau
Txheej txheem cej luam: Cov khoom siv hlau xa mus rau cov khoom hlau lossis cov khoom siv hlau uas muaj cov khoom siv hlau uas feem ntau yog cov hlau. Xws li cov hlau ntshiab, alloys, intermetallic compounds ntawm cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hlau, thiab lwm yam. (Ceeb toom: Hlau oxides (xws li txhuas oxide) tsis yog cov khoom siv hlau)
1. Lub ntsiab lus
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog ze rau cov khoom siv hlau. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze thiab Hnub Nyoog Hlau uas ua raws li Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb tau cim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hlau. Nyob rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, ntau yam khoom siv hlau tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
2. Hom
Cov ntaub ntawv hlau feem ntau muab faib ua cov hlau ferrous, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab cov khoom siv hlau tshwj xeeb.
(1) Ferrous hlau tseem hu ua cov ntaub ntawv hlau, suav nrog cov hlau ntshiab uas muaj ntau tshaj 90% hlau, cam khwb cia hlau muaj 2% mus rau 4% carbon, carbon steel muaj tsawg dua 2% carbon, thiab ntau yam steel hlau, stainless hlau, Thaum tshav kub kub. -resistant steel, high-temperature alloy, stainless hlau, precision alloy, thiab lwm yam Generalized ferrous hlau kuj muaj xws li chromium, manganese thiab lawv alloys.
(2) Cov hlau tsis-ferrous hais txog tag nrho cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys tshwj tsis yog hlau, chromium thiab manganese, uas feem ntau muab faib ua cov hlau teeb, hnyav hlau, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb. Lub zog thiab hardness ntawm non-ferrous alloys feem ntau yog siab dua li cov hlau ntshiab, thiab lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua thiab me me kub coefficient ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
(3) Cov khoom siv hlau tshwj xeeb suav nrog cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov khoom siv hlau ua haujlwm rau kev siv sib txawv. Ntawm lawv yog cov khoom siv hlau amorphous tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem ceev ceev, nrog rau quasicrystalline, microcrystalline, nanocrystalline hlau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam.; kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb xws li stealth, hydrogen tsis kam, superconductivity, zoo li nco, hnav tsis kam, kev co txo thiab damping, thiab lwm yam thiab hlau matrix composites, thiab lwm yam.
3. Kev ua tau zoo
Feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg: kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab kev siv kev ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem hu ua kev ua tau zoo yog hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau raws li kev ua haujlwm txias thiab kub thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv tshuab. Qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau txiav txim siab nws qhov kev hloov pauv rau kev ua thiab tsim thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Vim muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj cov khoom sib txawv, xws li kev ua haujlwm casting, weldability, forgeability, kev kho cua sov, kev ua haujlwm txiav, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov kev ua tau zoo yog hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv tshuab, nrog rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab, cov khoom siv lub cev, cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev lag luam tshuab tsim khoom, cov khoom siv tshuab dav dav siv rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, ib txwm muaj siab thiab cov xov xwm corrosive heev, thiab thaum siv, txhua qhov khoom siv yuav dais qhov sib txawv. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj hauv qab yog hu ua mechanical properties (tseem hu ua mechanical properties in the past). Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hlau yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev tsim thiab xaiv cov khoom siv ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev thauj khoom sab nraud (xws li nro, compression, torsion, cuam tshuam, cyclic load, thiab lwm yam), cov khoom siv kho tshuab xav tau rau cov khoom siv hlau kuj yuav txawv. Feem ntau siv cov khoom siv kho tshuab muaj xws li: lub zog, plasticity, hardness, cuam tshuam toughness, ntau yam cuam tshuam tsis kam thiab qaug zog txwv.
