Kev paub txog kev lag luam tooj liab: lub luag haujlwm ntawm tooj liab
Tooj liab yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg. Nws cov cim tshuaj yog Cu (Latin Cuprum). Nws tus lej atomic yog 29. Nws yog cov hlau hloov pauv. Tooj liab yog xim liab-liab hlau nrog qhov ceev ntawm 8.92 g / cm3. Nws cov ntsiab lus melting yog 1083.4 ± 0.2 degree thiab nws qhov kub kub yog 2567 degree. Feem ntau valences yog +1 thiab +2. Nws lub zog ionization yog 7.726 electron volts.
Basic Introduction to Copper
Tooj liab yog cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg siv. Raws li thaum ntxov ua ntej keeb kwm, tib neeg pib mine qhib-qhov tooj liab mines thiab siv tooj liab lawv tau los ua riam phom, cuab yeej thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Kev siv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev nce qib ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej thaum ntxov. Tooj liab yog ib yam hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab dej hiav txwv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog hais txog 0.01%. Hauv qee qhov kev tso nyiaj tooj liab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3% txog 5%. Feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim yog cov tebchaw, uas yog tooj liab minerals. Copper minerals aggregate nrog rau lwm yam minerals los tsim tooj liab ore. Cov mined tooj liab ore ua tooj liab mloog zoo nrog qib tooj liab siab dua tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig.
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Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm tooj liab
tooj liab tsis oxidize nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua, tab sis tsim ib txheej ntawm verdigris rau saum npoo nyob rau hauv ntub huab cua uas muaj carbon dioxide; Nws reacts qeeb heev nrog alkaline tov, tab sis yooj yim tsim ib qho nyuaj nrog ammonia. Tooj liab tsis tuaj yeem hloov hydrogen hauv cov kua qaub, tab sis yaj hauv oxidizing acid. Tus qauv electrode peev xwm ntawm tooj liab yog +0.337 volts, thiab electrochemical sib npaug ntawm divalent tooj liab yog 1.186 g / (ampere-teev).
Kev siv tooj liab
Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, tooj liab tau siv dav siv hlau nonferrous. Nyob rau hauv 1998, lub ntiaj teb no tooj liab ntau lawm yog 14 lab tons, nyob rau hauv qeb thib ob ntawm nonferrous hlau. Nws tau kwv yees tias Asmeskas kev siv tooj liab hauv 2000 yuav yog 3.505 lab rau 5 lab tons, ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob suav nrog 71.4%, cov cuab yeej siv tsim khoom suav nrog 10.3%, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab suav txog 9.1%, kev thauj mus los cov cuab yeej siv nyiaj rau 4.1%, cov khoom siv tub rog suav txog 1.1%, thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, pigments, txiaj, thiab lwm yam account rau 4.0%.
Cov hlau ua los ntawm tooj liab zoo conductivity yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim thiab electronics industries li input xov hlau. High-purity tooj liab uas muaj ntau tshaj 99.99% tooj liab yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv tooj liab thiab cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau ua. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoos phis tawj hluav taws xob thiab cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem loj sib xyaw ua ke yog ua los ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm tooj liab plated ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer. Tooj kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov kab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv aerospace siab.
Tooj kuj tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam tooj liab alloys. Raws li cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm ib txwm muaj, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: tooj liab liab, tooj dag (tooj liab-zinc alloy), tooj liab dawb (tooj liab-nickel alloy) thiab bronze (tooj liab-tin alloy). Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, elasticity, corrosion kuj, hniav nyiaj npib, thiab lwm yam.
Tooj liab muaj ntau lub tebchaw, tab sis nws qhov kev siv tsawg heev, suav txog li 1% ntawm kev siv tooj liab xwb. Nws yog tsuas yog siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, metallurgy, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, tooj liab sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) feem ntau yog siv los ua raw khoom rau electroplating tooj liab thiab ntau tooj liab ntsev ntau lawm, tshuaj catalyst, activator rau ntxhia flotation, tshuaj tua kab mob. tshuaj thiab tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab, thiab tsiaj pub additive.
