Kev sib tham txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nqus roj tooj liab, nrog rau cov roj dissolution, tooj liab smelting, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa roj ntawm ingots, thiab lwm yam.
1. Dissolution ntawm roj
Cov pa roj uas tuaj yeem yaj hauv tooj liab feem ntau yog hydrogen thiab oxygen. Diatomic molecular gases tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha yaj hauv cov hlau yaj. Cov txheej txheem dissolution ntawm cov pa roj yog: atoms adsorbed ntawm cov hlau nto - atoms dissociated rau hauv elemental gas - diffuse rau hauv cov hlau lattice los tsim cov kev daws teeb meem thiab cov tebchaw. Hydrogen thiab oxygen yog cov teeb meem hauv tooj liab. Lawv tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog txo qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tooj liab, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm "kab mob hydrogen". Copper ingots muaj qee cov pa oxygen, tab sis yog tias cov pa oxygen ntau dhau los yog hydrogen yaj, nws yuav yog qhov ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo zoo. Yog li ntawd, thaum smelting tooj liab, kev ntsuas yuav tsum tau coj los thaiv qhov chaw ntawm cov pa thiab zam los yog txo qhov kev sib cuag ntawm huab cua, noo noo, roj thiab ntau yam kuab paug nrog cov yaj. Cov txheej txheem dissolution ntawm cov roj yog tshem tawm qhov "adsorption", ua rau cov txheej txheem dissolution tsis tuaj yeem tsim.
Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob adsorption, lub degree ntawm solubility ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv cov hlau feem ntau nyob ntawm:
(1) Lub zog sib khi ntawm cov pa roj thiab hlau.
Lub hydrogen atom ntawm elemental gas muaj lub vojvoog me tshaj plaws thiab yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Nws tuaj yeem yaj hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov kua dej thiab cov khoom siv hlau. Hauv ntau cov hlau, hydrogen suav txog 60% txog 90% ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus roj, yog li kev nqus hlau feem ntau hu ua "hydrogen absorption". Oxygen kuj muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tooj liab hauv cov kua, thiab muaj cov pa nqus los yog oxidation, yog li Cu2O yog tsim thiab yaj hauv cov kua tooj liab.
(2) Kub thiab sijhawm
Qhov kub ntawm cov hlau ntau dua thiab ntev dua lub sijhawm sib cuag ntawm cov roj thiab cov hlau, cov roj ntau yuav yaj. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua kom qhov kub thiab txias thiab molten hlau nws tus kheej muaj lub siab vapor siab heev yuav lub solubility maj mam txo.
(3) Diffusion ceev ntawm cov pa hauv cov kua tooj liab
Lub hwj chim zaus induction rauv zoo heev txhim khu lub diffusion ceev vim tsis siv neeg stirring nyhuv ntawm electromagnetic quab yuam.
(4) Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen hauv molten tooj liab
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen nyob rau hauv cov kua tooj liab yog inversely proportional rau oxygen tsawg thiab hydrogen ntau, ntau oxygen thiab tsawg hydrogen. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia yog vim li cas TP2, uas yog deoxygenated kiag li, yog qhov nkag siab rau hydrogen puas dua T2.
2. tooj liab smelting
Copper hluav taws xob rauv smelting siv electrolytic tooj liab ua raw khoom. Cov khoom siv tooj liab electrolytic nws tus kheej muaj roj, thiab nws lub xeev saum npoo muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub pas dej molten qhov nqus.
Charcoal feem ntau yog siv los npog thiab deoxidizer thaum smelting tooj liab. Nws deoxidation tsuas yog ua rau saum npoo ntawm cov kua hlau, yog li nws yog hu ua deoxidizer nto. Rau deoxidized tooj liab (xws li TP1, TP2), thaum siv charcoal deoxidize, phosphorus tooj liab kuj yog siv rau deoxidation zaum kawg ua ntej tawm ntawm lub cub tawg. Phosphorus tooj liab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub pas dej molten thiab yaj hauv tag nrho lub pas dej molten, thiab cuam tshuam nrog oxidation hauv cov hlau molten. Cov khoom siv sib cuam tshuam, cov nyhuv deoxidation tseem ceeb.
Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si deoxidation txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov pa roj tau tsim, uas yog CO, CO2 thiab P2O5. Cov khoom siv roj no tuaj yeem nqa hydrogen nrog lawv kom khiav tawm ntawm cov kua dej ntawm txoj kev nce ntawm cov yaj. Tab sis piv nrog deoxygenation, qhov dehydrogenation no yog theem nrab lossis txwv.
Txawm li cas los xij, charcoal yeej muaj roj thiab noo noo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog charcoal uas tsis tau calcined zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj kom tsis txhob oxidation thiab hydrogen absorption nyob rau hauv charcoal npog tej yam kev mob. Thaum smelting, oxidation thiab dehydrogenation, hydrogen absorption thiab deoxidation txheej txheem feem ntau coexist. Lo lus nug yog qhov twg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, sab muaj txiaj ntsig lossis sab phem. Qhov no yuav tsum tau tswj cov txheej txheem cov txheej txheem kom nyiam qhov zoo thiab tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo.
3. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov roj rau ingot casting
Hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub, npuas ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm extrusion lossis ingot casting, thiab yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom pov tseg. Lub luag haujlwm zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab txawv txav ntau ntawm cov npuas yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem dhau los - casting, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov pores nyob rau hauv tooj liab ingot.
Cov pores nyob rau hauv lub tooj liab ingot yog sau nrog roj. Cov pores me me tuaj yeem raug nias ua ke tom qab ua tiav, tab sis yuav raug nthuav tawm raws li qhov tsis xws luag - tev tawm thaum ua cov kauj ruam tom ntej. Thaum muaj ntau qhov pores nyob rau hauv cov tooj liab ingot, yuav muaj ntau qhov pores nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Lub sij hawm no, blistering yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab nram qab seem ntawm lub extruded raj dawb paug. Lub blistering feem ntau yog faib tsis tu ncua raws li extrusion kev taw qhia thiab ua hnyav dua mus rau tom qab kawg (qhov kawg ntawm qhov extrusion). , thiab bubbling tis nyob rau hauv lub circumferential kev taw qhia yog irregular. Cov hlwv loj tuaj yeem kho tsis tau thiab tsuas yog muab pov tseg, thaum cov hlwv me me yuav raug kho thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem ncab. Txawm li cas los xij, tev thiab suav nrog raug nthuav tawm thaum lub sij hawm ncab, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau kev tawm los. Thaum extruding me me raj blanks nrog dej foob, vim lub siab txias thiab bubbling me me (cov pa roj tsis muaj sij hawm los sib sau ua ke thiab nthuav), ntau yam xws li tev thiab inclusions raug tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej txias dov-kos duab ntau lawm txheej txheem, thiab lub cev xaus. Ib nrab splitting tshwm sim. Tom qab annealing, cov yeeb nkab kos yuav pom ntau cov pob khaus zoo li blistering. Qhov txawv ntawm qhov blistering ntawm extruded billet yog cov npuas feem ntau tsis tu ncua thiab me dua. Cov npuas loj zoo li cov nplej nplej thiab cov me me zoo li rab koob qhia. Lawv tsis yooj yim los ntes nrog qhov muag liab qab thiab xav tau Koj tuaj yeem ntes nws los ntawm kev hnov nws.
Qhov tsim ntawm npuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov pa roj reaggregation thiab nthuav dav nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab lub sij hawm tom qab pore compression.
Cov yeeb nkab tiav (tsis muaj blistering) muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub siab tsis kam, nthuav dav thiab flattening zog, cuam tshuam qhov poob ntawm plasticity ntawm cov khoom.
Lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov blistering ntawm cov raj tooj liab yog tias lub ingot yog ib qho khoom siv tooj liab supersaturated, uas distorts cov siv lead ua lattice, ua rau peb hom kev ntxhov siab thiab txo cov plasticity. Thaum lub sij hawm extrusion los yog annealing, vim qhov kub hloov pauv, hydrogen precipitates los ntawm interfaces xws li grain ciam teb los yog inclusions ncua raws li extrusion kev taw qhia los ua npuas.
Lub suction ntawm tooj liab ua rau lub extrusion billet ua npuas. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm npuas nyob rau hauv cov kav dej annealed yog qhov pib txhua lub yeeb nkab muaj npuas, uas ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv kev tawm los thiab khawb hauv cov khoom siv. Qhov no txawv heev los ntawm lwm yam ua rau blistering.
Cov lus qhia txog kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv kev ntshaw
Cov ntsiab lus roj ntau dhau hauv cov khoom siv tooj liab yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke xws li kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm uas tsis ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov txheej txheem tooj liab melting thiab casting, nrog rau cov khoom siv tsis zoo, npog cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov roj tiv thaiv. Txhua yam tsis zoo yuav tsum raug tshem tawm kom ntau li ntau tau los xyuas kom meej tias kev tsim khoom raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo. Txoj kev ua kom zoo thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem qhia tau hais tias lub pas dej molten (thaum suction) muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev nqus. Tom qab qhov txuas no tau daws qhov teeb meem, qhov bubbling ntawm cov yeeb nkab tooj liab yog txo qis (cov npuas yog tsawg thiab me dua). Tsuas yog thaum lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus, lub hauv paus ntxaiv, thiab cov teeb meem gasket raug daws tib lub sijhawm tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov bubbling ntawm cov yeeb nkab tooj liab.
Tus yuam sij rau kev tiv thaiv aspiration yog los thaiv "cua qhov chaw". Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog:
(1) Electrolytic tooj liab yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv; Cov khoom siv rov ua dua los ntawm cov raj bubbling tsis yog siv los tsim cov tooj liab liab.
(2) Cov khoom siv thauj khoom (cov khoom siv yuav tsum "tsis muaj roj, tsis muaj dej, thiab tsis sib xyaw") yuav tsum tau thauj khoom ntau zaus thiab ua kom tiav kom tshem tawm cov dej vapor adsorbed los ntawm tus nqi. Nco ntsoov sau lub qhov cub hauv 2 mus rau 3 zaug, thiab tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv ntau zaus.
(3) Cov charcoal yuav tsum qhuav (calcined charcoal yog nyiam). *** Hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ntxiv tam sim ntawd tom qab thauj khoom, nrog rau lub thickness ntawm 100mm ~ 150mm kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm kev tiv thaiv huab cua inhalation, deoxidation thiab kub preservation.
(4) Lub qhov cub qhov cub yuav tsum raug kaw nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tom qab tus nqi yog melted.
(5) Calcium chloride (tus neeg saib xyuas lub cev qhuav dej) tau nruab rau hauv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws ntawm cov roj tsim hluav taws xob thiab hloov lub sijhawm kom nqus dej noo hauv cov pa. Cov roj hood yuav tsum tau npog kom zoo, thiab cov roj yuav tsum tau qhib rau 5 mus rau 10 feeb ua ntej tso tawm kom tshem tawm cov huab cua qub hauv lub hood.
(6) Lub hauv paus spindle yuav tsum tau qhuav thiab preheated nrog roj, thiab
Copper blocks yuav tsum tau siv los ua lub hauv paus, thiab sawdust yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los ua lub hauv paus.
