Hluav taws xob
Copper Fact 1
Tooj liab yog tus qauv ntsuas rau hluav taws xob conductivity. Nws ua hluav taws xob tam sim no zoo dua li lwm cov hlau tshwj tsis yog nyiaj.
Copper Fact 2
Copper yog ib txwm ua kom zoo rau 99.98% purity (txawm tias ntshiab dua li Ivory xab npum) ua ntej nws siv tau rau ntau daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob.
Copper Fact 3
Number 12 (AWG) tooj liab hlau yog qhov loj tshaj plaws uas siv rau cov ceg txuas hluav taws xob hauv cov tsev. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tau noj hauv Asmeskas hauv ib xyoos ib txwm yuav ua rau 12 lub xov hlau loj uas tuaj yeem ncig lub ntiaj teb 2,250 zaug lossis ua 120 ncig mus rau lub hli.
Copper Fact 4
CDA's Electrical Energy Efficiency program qhia txog qhov yooj yim upsizing ntawm tooj liab conductors siv rau hluav taws xob xa khoom tuaj yeem khwv tau nyiaj rov qab rau cov tswv tsev, feem ntau hauv ib mus rau ob xyoos lossis tsawg dua.
Copper Fact 5
Txhim kho #10 AWG xaim tsis yog #12 AWG rau kev pub mis rau ib 15-amp teeb pom kev zoo ua haujlwm ib nrab sijhawm (4,000} teev hauv ib xyoos) tuaj yeem them rov qab qhov sib txawv rau nws cov nqi siab dua hauv 9 lub hlis xwb, ntawm $0.075 ib kilowatt-teev (kWh). Tus nqi siab dua ib kilowatt-teev, qhov nyiaj rov qab sai dua.
Copper Fact 6
Vim hais tias 70% ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog siv los ntawm lub tshuab tsav tsheb, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev txuag hluav taws xob yog pom tau los ntawm kev kho dua tshiab nrog cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab.
Copper Fact 7
Kev ua haujlwm siab 3-hp lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm puv sijhawm ntawm $0.08 ib kWh yuav them rov qab nws cov nqi them nqi tsawg dua 5 lub hlis, thiab txij li ntawd los ntawm kev txuag nyiaj thiab hluav taws xob.
Premium motors tsis tsuas yog siv tau ntau dua (feem ntau vim tias lawv tau ua nrog tooj liab ntau), lawv kuj siv tau ntev dua thiab ua kom muaj cua sov tsawg.
Copper Fact 8
Cummins Inc., Columbus, Indiana, lub tshuab tsim hluav taws xob hloov 296 lub cev muaj zog xws li 1-125 hp nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo raws li kev tshuaj xyuas siv US Department of Energy'sMotorMaster+ software. Kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo txo Cummins tus nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm qee qhov $200,000 ib xyoos. Raws li DOE, yog tias txhua cov nroj tsuag hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau hloov kho lawv lub cev muaj zog raws li Cummins tau ua, "American kev lag luam yuav txuag tau $ 1 nphom txhua xyoo hauv cov nqi hluav taws xob. Qhov no yuav yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob muab rau Lub Xeev. ntawm New York rau peb lub hlis."
Copper Fact 9
Txhua qhov chaw hluav taws xob ntws, cov khoom sib txuas yuav tsum tau ua. Tooj liab nyob rau hauv nws ntau ntau yam yog cov tseem ceeb thiab nyiam cov khoom txawm hais tias conductors yog siv rau high-tam sim no lub hwj chim faib los yog "sib nqus" theem tam sim no siv rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus.
Copper Fact 10
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siv cov qauv siv hluav taws xob los hloov cov tshuab hluav taws xob rau hauv hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm kev siv cov tooj liab-qhov txhab mob loj heev thiab cov rotors. Cov tshuab hluav taws xob tshiab thiab me dua siv cov turbines uas yog submerged los ntes cov dej muaj zog los yog cov dej tidal tam sim no los yog nce siab kom ntes cov cua ntws.
Copper Fact 11
Tooj liab plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev xa cov cua zog, raws li nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab, tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo thiab tsis kam tiv thaiv corrosion. Qee qhov cua ua liaj ua teb muaj ntau tshaj 300, 000 ko taw ntawm tooj liab hlau. Hluav taws xob generated los ntawm cua zog ntws los ntawm insulated tooj liab cables mus rau ib tug tooj liab-qhov txhab transformer. Cov kab hluav taws xob hauv av tau sau cov hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm txhua tus pej thuam thiab xa mus rau lub chaw nres tsheb uas xa mus rau daim phiaj siv hluav taws xob.
Copper Fact 12
Qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab hnyav hnyav ntawm 20 phaus lossis ntau dua, thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me tuaj yeem hnyav li ob peb milligrams nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pins tsawg dua ib nrab millimeter. Tebchaws Asmeskas yog lub ntiaj teb tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam multibillion-dollar connector.
Copper Fact 13
Lub tswv yim tuag-cam khwb cia tooj liab rotor rau hluav taws xob motors yog "dawb huv grail" rau cov tuam txhab tsav tsheb tau ntau xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1990s, ib tug consortium sib sau ua ke los ntawm lub Copper Development Association pib tsim ib lub cev muaj zog tsim thiab tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv rau siv nyob rau hauv casting tooj liab motor rotors.
Copper Fact 14
Nyob rau hauv 2005, Siemens AG, Munich, lub teb chaws Yelemees, optimized lub revolutionary rotor tsim thiab qhia tshiab cov khoom kab, thawj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv North America. Lub teb chaws Yelemees's SEW Eurodrive kuj muaj cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab nrog tooj liab rotors. FAVI SA, Hallencourt, Fab Kis, tsim cov khoom siv tooj liab tuag rau kev siv los ntawm lwm cov tuam txhab tsav tsheb. Copper-rotor motors muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub cev muaj zog.
Copper Fact 15
Tus tshiab lub cev muaj zog rotor tuag-casting thev naus laus zis txo cov cua sov poob thiab ua kom lub cev muaj zog nce ntxiv los ntawm 1.2-1.7 feem pua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov motors siv cov tsoos txhuas rotors. Qhov ntawd yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias txawm tias qhov nce ntawm 1% ntawm lub cev muaj zog tuaj yeem txuag tau $ 1.1 nphom hauv cov nqi hluav taws xob txhua xyoo, raws li US Dept. of Energy. Qhia lwm txoj hauv kev, uas tuaj yeem txuag tau ntau dua 20 billion kilowatt teev hluav taws xob hauv ib xyoos, sib npaug rau 3.5 lab cov roj roj ib xyoos ib zaug hauv Asmeskas, ib leeg. Lwm cov txiaj ntsig yog lub cev muaj zog ntev dua, lub cev muaj zog ntau dua thiab txo cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab lwm yam kev puas tsuaj.
Copper Fact 16
Hybrid tsheb thiab SUVs siv tooj liab-qhov txhab induction motors uas rub lawv lub zog los ntawm cov roj teeb. Txhawm rau pab nres lub tsheb, cov induction motors ua lub tshuab hluav taws xob, xa lub zog kom khaws cia rau hauv cov roj teeb. Cov neeg tsim khoom hais tias cov hybrids tuaj yeem ua tau txog li 60% ntau roj npaum li lawv cov qauv qauv.
Copper Fact 17
Cov tsheb loj hybrid thiab tsheb npav tuaj yeem nruab nrog lub cev muaj zog uas siv cov tooj liab rotors zoo heev. Ib lub tuam txhab, uas tau kuaj txoj kev tsheb zoo li no hais tias lawv ua tau zoo heev, txo cov pa phem los ntawm 96% thiab taug kev 57% deb ntawm ib nkas loos roj, yog li txo cov nqi roj ntau dua li ib feem peb.
Copper Fact 18
Oshkosh Corporations tsim cov ProPulse® diesel-hluav taws xob hybrid tsav system uas siv tooj liab rotor motors, muab lub zog tsis sib xws rau xob quaj los ntawm qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Lub kaw lus, ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev lag luam thiab tub rog cov cuab yeej siv hnyav txhim kho cov roj siv tau txog li 40% thiab tuaj yeem xa mus txog 200 kW ntawm AC lub zog, txaus los khiav lub tsev kho mob lossis lub tshav dav hlau. Raws li ib qho kev daws teeb meem, lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, cov tsheb no tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom ntxiv lossis cov tsheb thauj khoom thauj khoom siv sab nraud.
Copper Fact 19
Copper rotor motors yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto moo Tesla tsheb. Lub tuam txhab txoj kev siv hluav taws xob tag nrho tuaj yeem ua tau 0-60 mph hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg 3.7 vib nas this. Nws tus muam sedan (kev sib piv qeeb qeeb) siv sijhawm 5.6 vib nas this. Cov tsheb khiav 245 mais lossis 300 mais, feem, ntawm ib qho nqi. Tam sim no uas yog efficiency!
Copper Fact 20
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Swiss Federal Institute of Technology tau tsim lub laum lub cev muaj zog uas tig ntawm 1,000,000 rpm, uas yog ze li ntawm 17,000 kiv puag ncig ib ob, tsawg kawg yog ob zaug ceev raws li tej lub cev muaj zog tam sim no. Lub matchbox-qhov loj me yog siv cov xov tooj hlau ultra-nyias rau nws cov windings, uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub tog raj kheej ntawm "tshwj xeeb hlau yav tas los tsis siv rau cov tshuab." Lub rooj sib txoos yog encased nyob rau hauv lub plhaub titanium kom nws tsis txhob ya sib nrug. Lub cev muaj zog tshiab yuav tso cai rau qhov drilling ntawm qhov nqaim dua li qhov dav ntawm tib neeg cov plaub hau rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob.
Copper Fact 21
Cov teeb meem hluav taws xob zoo uas ua rau muaj ntau lub chaw ua haujlwm niaj hnub thiab cov chaw tsim khoom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau. Cov kev daws teeb meem tooj liab suav nrog kev siv cov hluav taws xob nruab nrab loj dua los tswj cov khoom sib haum xeeb, cov txheej txheem hauv av zoo dua kom tshem tawm cov kev hloov pauv thiab xob laim, thiab tsawg qhov hluav taws xob hauv ib lub voj voog kom txo qis kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab khoos phis tawj.
Cov qhab-nees ntawm lub neej thiab ntau lab nyiaj daus las hauv cov cuab yeej yuav raug cawm tau txhua xyoo yog tias cov tsev raug tiv thaiv kom raug xob laim. Ib qho teeb pom kev zoo ib zaug ntawm qhov chaw ua lag luam tuaj yeem ua rau ntau txhiab nyiaj hauv ib teev hauv kev tsim khoom ploj.
Tooj liab thiab nws cov alloys yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab siv tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv xob laim.
Copper Fact 22
Ze li 50 tons ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab, cov hlau tsis muaj pa oxygen tau siv los ua 1,700 superconducting electromagnets rau kev sib tsoo (atomic particle accelerator) ntawm Brookhaven National Laboratory hauv New York. Cov hlau nplaum yog siv nyob rau hauv 2.4- mais txoj kab uas hla underground collider los kawm subatomic hais.
Lub 3.9 mais Tevatron particle accelerator nplhaib ntawm Fermilab, hauv Batavia, Illinois, yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab siv 50 tons ntawm tooj liab hlau rau nws 1, 000 electromagnets.
Copper Fact 23
Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov spectacular thiab futuristic daim ntaub ntawv, tooj liab muab lub matrix nyob rau hauv lub superconductors siv nyob rau hauv CERN Loj Hadron Collider, qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, nyob rau hauv Switzerland.
Copper Fact 24
Copper tau ntev tau siv los ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib hloov cua sov hauv hnub ci cua sov thiab dej kub. Tam sim no, nws tau cog lus tias yuav ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig sib npaug hauvphotovoltaic(PV) systems. Cov tshuab no tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hnub ci ntawm qee yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tam sim no, cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws rau cov nqi qis thiab kev tsim khoom yooj yim yog tooj liab-indium-gallium-diselenide, lossis CIGS luv luv. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm US thiab txawv teb chaws manufacturers tam sim no ua lag luam CIGS panels.
Copper Fact 25
Muaj cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm ib lub tsev nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Tsev Dawb. Cov panels tsim ncaj qha tam sim no sau los ntawm me me tooj liab busbars rau kev hloov mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau hloov tam sim no los ntawm ib qho inverter. Copper cables coj lub zog mus rau Executive Mansion. Lwm qhov, dej rau lub pas dej dawb hauv Tsev Dawb ntws los ntawm cov kav dej tooj liab thiab yog cua sov los ntawm lub hnub los ntawm cov kua dej siv lub hnub ci tso rau ntawm lub ru tsev tooj liab thiab muaj cov phaj tooj liab absorber. Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub hwj chim xav tau ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm yog tsim los ntawm lub hnub, tab sis nws yog qhov pib.
