Keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab
Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, tooj liab liab, uas yog, ntuj tooj liab forged los ntawm hammering, twb tau siv nyob rau hauv Xia Dynasty 4,000 xyoo dhau los. Ze li ntawm 20 cov khoom siv tooj liab tau khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Huangniangniangtai hauv Wuwei, Gansu hauv xyoo 1957 thiab 1959. Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas, cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cov khoom siv tooj liab yog siab li 99.63% txog 99.87%, tag nrho cov no yog tooj liab ntshiab. Txawm hais tias qhov kev siv tau ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws tsis yooj yim rau extract nws los ntawm nws cov ore. Txoj kev rho tawm tooj liab siv los ntawm cov mine tooj liab hauv Falun, Sweden nyob rau xyoo pua 13th yog los ci cov sulfide ore, thiab tom qab ntawd siv dej los cais cov tooj liab sulfate tsim. Tom qab ntws saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, cov tooj liab yuav los nag, thiab cov txheej nyias nyias tsim tau yooj yim sib cais. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nyiaj txiag loj ntawm Falun, Sweden thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, txoj kev ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm tooj liab los ntawm ntuj tooj liab yog siv cov khoom siv tooj liab rau cov tooj liab ntub dej. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntub dej, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev tsim tawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm ntiaj teb chemistry. Lub Huainanzi Wanbishu ntawm Western Han Dynasty sau tseg tias thaum Zengqing ntsib hlau, nws hloov mus ua tooj liab. Zengqing yog tooj liab sulfate. Cov qauv no tuaj yeem hais qhia hauv cov qauv tshuaj niaj hnub no: CuSO4+Fe=FeSO4+Cu. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1933, thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm Yixu hauv Anyang County, Henan Province, 18.8 kg ntawm malachite, charcoal blocks nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntau tshaj 1 ntiv tes, ib lub kaus mom dav dav ua los ntawm cov tais diav rau tooj liab, thiab 21.8 kg ntawm coal slag tau pom, uas piav qhia cov neeg Suav ntau dua li cov txheej txheem qub. 3,000 xyoo dhau los: hlawv ib co ci ntsuab malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 thiab tsaus xiav azurite 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kom tau txais tooj liab oxide, thiab ces txo nws nrog carbon kom tau metallic tooj liab.
Txawm li cas los xij, txij li cov khoom ua los ntawm tooj liab smelting yog mos heev, yooj yim rau khoov, thiab sai sai ua blunt, cov neeg pom tias ntxiv tin rau tooj liab los ua ib tug tooj liab- tin alloy, bronze, yuav zoo heev txhim kho nws hardness (yog hais tias tus hardness tus nqi ntawm tin yog teem ntawm 5, ces lub hardness ntawm tooj liab yog 301 bronze). Txij li cov khoom siv tooj liab yog yooj yim dua rau yaj thiab ua ntau dua tooj liab, thiab yog ib qho nyuaj, yooj yim rau yaj, yooj yim rau cam khwb cia, thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua, lawv kuj tau zoo siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze hauv Suav keeb kwm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv tooj liab ntau. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 280 BC, tus vajtswv hnub ci tooj liab sawv ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Rhodes ntawm cov kob ntawm Rhodes hauv Hiav Txwv Aegean hauv Tebchaws Europe yog 46 meters siab, nrog ntiv tes siab dua tus neeg laus, thiab tseem ua los ntawm tooj liab.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab
Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, tooj liab tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Los ntawm xyoo 1960, cov tooj liab siv hauv ob qhov kev lag luam no suav txog 28%. Los ntawm 1997, ob qhov kev lag luam no tseem yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tooj liab, suav txog 25%. Tom qab ntawd, tooj liab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob, lub teeb kev lag luam, machinery manufacturing, tsim kev lag luam, tsheb thauj mus los thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Kev lag luam tooj liab kuj tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asmeskas ua ntej 2000 mus rau cov teb chaws tsim xws li Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb thiab Brazil tom qab xyoo 2000. Raws li Tuam Tshoj muaj kev txhawj xeeb, tooj liab tsuas yog thib ob rau txhuas hauv kev noj cov khoom tsis yog{10}} ferrous hlau.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam tooj liab: Hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, nrog kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam tooj liab, kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev yuav thiab peev kev lag luam ntawm cov tuam txhab ua tooj liab loj tau dhau los ua ntau zaus. Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom siv tooj liab zoo hauv tsev tau them nyiaj ntau dua thiab ntau dua rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv - kev tshawb fawb tob txog kev loj hlob ib puag ncig ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tiam sis. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm zoo heev domestic tooj liab ua hom tau tshwm sim sai sai thiab maj mam dhau los ua cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam tooj liab!
Kev loj hlob zeem muag ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab rov ua dua tshiab
Tooj liab muaj kev ua tau zoo heev thiab yooj yim rau rov siv dua thiab rov siv dua. Tam sim no, muaj qhov ua tiav cov khoom siv tooj liab rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov teb chaws tsim. Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv tooj liab rov ua dua hauv Tebchaws Meskas suav txog 60% ntawm tag nrho cov zis, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees suav txog 80%. Rau Tuam Tshoj, uas yog luv ntawm cov peev txheej tooj liab, ntxiv rau kev nquag nrhiav cov peev txheej tooj liab txawv teb chaws, nws tseem ceeb heev los tsim kev lag luam tooj liab rov qab.
Txawm li cas los xij, kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev tsim kho kev lag luam kuj tseem lig. Tam sim no, coob tus ntawm cov khoom tsis yog -ferrous hlau nyob rau hauv cov neeg siv khoom lag luam tseem tsis tau nkag mus rau lub voj voog seem. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov khoom siv hlau rov ua dua tshiab, nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tooj liab. Imported seem tooj liab thiab tooj liab mloog zoo tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev txhim kho kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam tooj liab refined. kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab tseem nyob hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, thiab muaj qhov dav dav rau kev txhim kho yav tom ntej.
Teeb meem hauv kev txhim kho kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam tooj liab
Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov peev txheej tooj liab hauv kuv lub tebchaws tau maj mam nce ntxiv
kuv lub teb chaws yog cov neeg siv tooj liab loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis nws cov khoom siv tooj liab ua kom zoo rau tsuas yog ib qho - tsib ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv lub teb chaws cov peev txheej tooj liab tsuas yog 5.5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb reserves. Nrog rau kev nce qib tsis tu ncua ntawm kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hauv nroog, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv kuv lub teb chaws yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov khoom siv raw (tooj liab, tooj liab, thiab cov tooj liab seem) xav tau rau kuv lub teb chaws cov tooj liab refined yog los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov teb chaws tau nce ntxiv lawv cov kev siv zog los tiv thaiv cov peev txheej, thiab cov nqi xa tawm ntawm cov tooj liab tau nce ib xyoos ib zaug; nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm seem tooj liab, kuv lub teb chaws cov txheej txheem kev lag luam yog luv luv, thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab tsis tshua muaj. Tam sim no, seem tooj liab feem ntau yog los ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Europe, Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab Nyij Pooj. Raws li tus nqi tooj liab nce ntxiv, cov nqi tooj liab tseem nce ntxiv. Hauv xyoo 2014, cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv tsev tseem tsis tshua muaj, thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv tsev tau suav nrog tsawg dua 30%, thiab ntau dua 70% ntawm cov feem tseem cia siab rau kev xa khoom.
Cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam tooj liab tsis tsim nyog
kuv lub teb chaws kev siv tooj liab feem ntau yog tsom rau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, cua txias thiab kev thauj mus los. Piv nrog rau cov teb chaws tsim, qhov feem ntawm tooj liab siv nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab tsim kev lag luam yog ntau dua li hauv cov teb chaws tsim kev lag luam, thaum feem ntau ntawm tooj liab xav tau los ntawm tsheb thauj mus los thiab khoom siv thiab kev tsim kho kev lag luam yog qis dua li hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho.
