T1 vs T2 vs TU1 vs TU2
| Qib | Cu Min | Cov ntsiab lus Oxygen | Oxygen- Dawb? | Zoo tshaj rau |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 99.97% | <20 ppm | Yog lawm | High-kawg hluav taws xob, vuam, cryogenic, nqus tsev vacuum |
| T2 | 99.90% | 200-500 ppm | Tsis muaj | General hluav taws xob, busbars, grounding, kav dej |
| TU 1 | 99.97% | <10 ppm | Yog lawm | Ultra{0}} siab purity, semiconductor, lub tshuab nqus tsev tseem ceeb |
| TU 2 | 99.95-99.97% | <20 ppm | Yog lawm | Oxygen- pub dawb ntawm tus nqi qis dua TU1 |
SivT1rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau oxygen - tooj liab dawb. SivT2rau cov ntawv thov txheej txheem uas cov peev nyiaj tseem ceeb. SivTU 1rau qhov siab tshaj plaws purity xav tau. SivTU 2thaum koj xav tau oxygen -dawb tab sis TU1 kim heev.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg sib piv ntawm plaub qib tooj liab
| Element (max %) | T1 | T2 | TU 1 | TU 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tooj liab (min%) | 99.97 | 99.90 | 99.97 | 99.95 |
| Oxygen | 0.002 (20 ppm) | 0.05 (500 ppm) | 0.001 (10 ppm) | 0.002 (20 ppm) |
| Phosphorus | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Hlau | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Coj | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Antimony | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Arsenic | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bismuth | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Tag nrho impurities (tsis suav nrog oxygen) | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
T1 thiab TU1 muaj tib yam tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus (99.97%)Tab sis TU1 muaj nruj dua oxygen tswj (<10 ppm vs <20 ppm)
TU2 muaj tsawg dua tooj liab tsawg (99.95%)tshaj T1 thiab TU1
T2 muaj qhov purity qis tshaj plaws thiab siab tshaj oxygenntawm plaub qib
Oxygen ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm oxygen-dawb thiab tus qauv tooj liab
| Qib | Cov ntsiab lus Oxygen | Kev faib tawm |
|---|---|---|
| TU 1 | <10 ppm | Oxygen-dawb (qib siab tshaj) |
| TU 2 | <20 ppm | Oxygen - dawb |
| T1 | <20 ppm | Oxygen-dawb (los ntawm tus qauv, tab sis TU lub npe yog nruj dua) |
| T2 | 200-500 ppm | Tsis muaj oxygen -dawb |
Vim li cas cov ntsiab lus oxygen tseem ceeb:
Vuam:Oxygen ua rau porosity hauv welds. T2 welds tsis zoo. T1, TU1, thiab TU2 weld zoo heev.
Hydrogen embrittlement:Oxygen reacts nrog hydrogen los ua chav, tawg cov tooj liab. T2 yog qhov yooj yim. T1, TU1, thiab TU2 muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum:Oxygen pab txhawb rau outgassing. T2 outgasses ntau dua. T1, TU1, TU2 outgas tsawg dua.
conductivity:Oxygen me ntsis txo cov conductivity. T1, TU1, TU2 muaj me ntsis conductivity dua T2.
Kev sib piv hluav taws xob conductivity T1 vs T2 vs TU1 vs TU2
| Qib | Conductivity (% IACS) | Sau ntawv |
|---|---|---|
| TU 1 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 101% | Siab tshaj purity, siab tshaj conductivity |
| T1 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 101% | Ib yam li TU1 rau kev siv |
| TU 2 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 100% | Feem ntau 101% hauv kev tsim khoom |
| T2 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 100% | Yam tsawg kawg 100%, feem ntau 100-101% |
Rau lub busbar nqa 1000 amps, T1 los yog TU1 generates li 1% tsawg tshav kub tshaj T2. Rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov, qhov sib txawv no tsis tsim nyog. Rau siab -tam sim no switchgear lossis efficiency- cov tshuab tseem ceeb, nws yog qhov zoo dua.
Thermal conductivity piv ntawm Suav tooj liab qib
| Qib | Thermal conductivity (W / (m·K) | Qhov txawv ntawm T2 |
|---|---|---|
| TU 1 | ~391 | +1.5% |
| T1 | ~391 | +1.5% |
| TU 2 | ~390 | +1.3% |
| T2 | ~385 | Lub hauv paus |
Lub tshav kub exchanger ua los ntawm T1 los yog TU1 hloov mus txog 1.5% cua sov tshaj ib tug ua los ntawm T2. Rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov HVAC, qhov sib txawv no tsawg dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Rau siab -kev ua haujlwm thermal, qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tus nqi siab dua.
Mechanical Properties sib piv T1 T2 TU1 TU2
Annealed (mos) mob:
| Khoom | T1 | T2 | TU 1 | TU 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog (MPa) | 200-250 | 200-250 | 200-250 | 200-250 |
| Yield zog (MPa) | 40-60 | 40-60 | 40-60 | 40-60 |
| Elongation (%) | Ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 30 | Ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 30 | Ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 30 | Ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 30 |
| Hardness (HV) | 40-60 | 40-60 | 40-60 | 40-60 |
Ib nrab- mob hnyav:
| Khoom | T1 | T2 | TU 1 | TU 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog (MPa) | 250-300 | 250-300 | 250-300 | 250-300 |
| Yield zog (MPa) | 150-200 | 150-200 | 150-200 | 150-200 |
| Elongation (%) | 10-20 | 10-20 | 10-20 | 10-20 |
Cov mob hnyav:
| Khoom | T1 | T2 | TU 1 | TU 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog (MPa) | 300-360 | 300-360 | 300-360 | 300-360 |
| Yield zog (MPa) | 250-300 | 250-300 | 250-300 | 250-300 |
| Elongation (%) | 2-6 | 2-6 | 2-6 | 2-6 |
Weldability piv ntawm plaub qib tooj liab
| Qib | Cov ntsiab lus Oxygen | Weldability | Xav tau Flux | Porosity Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TU 1 | <10 ppm | Zoo heev | Tsis muaj | Tsis muaj |
| TU 2 | <20 ppm | Zoo heev | Tsis muaj | Tsis muaj |
| T1 | <20 ppm | Zoo heev | Tsis muaj | Tsis muaj |
| T2 | 200-500 ppm | pluag | Yog lawm | Siab |
Vim li cas T1, TU1, thiab TU2 weld zoo dua:Lawv yuav luag tsis muaj oxygen. Thaum lub sij hawm vuam, tsis muaj oxygen los teb nrog hydrogen thiab tsim dej vapor. Qhov no txhais tau tias tsis muaj roj porosity, tsis muaj embrittlement, thiab tsis tawg.
Vim li cas T2 welds tsis zoo:T2 muaj 200-500 ppm oxygen. Thaum rhuab, cov pa oxygen reacts nrog cov hydrogen muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum. Qhov tshwm sim yog ntxeem tau, tsis muaj zog, nkig welds tshwj tsis yog tias tshwj xeeb fluxes los yog shielding gases siv.
Hydrogen embrittlement txaus ntshai nyob rau qib tooj liab
Hydrogen embrittlement tshwm sim thaum cov pa oxygen-muaj tooj liab yog cua sov siab tshaj li 400℃hauv qhov chaw hydrogen. Hydrogen reacts nrog oxygen los ua dej vapor, uas tawg cov tooj liab los ntawm sab hauv.
| Qib | Cov ntsiab lus Oxygen | Hydrogen Embrittlement Risk |
|---|---|---|
| TU 1 | <10 ppm | Tsis muaj |
| TU 2 | <20 ppm | Tsis muaj |
| T1 | <20 ppm | Tsis muaj |
| T2 | 200-500 ppm | Siab |
Nqe sib piv T1 vs T2 vs TU1 vs TU2
| Qib | Tus nqi txheeb ze | Vim li cas |
|---|---|---|
| T2 | Tsawg tshaj (piv txwv) | Txheem tooj liab, feem ntau, qis tshaj tus nqi tsim khoom |
| T1 | +10-20% vs T2 | Ntau dua purity, oxygen -dawb |
| TU 2 | +15-25% vs T2 | Oxygen- pub dawb nrog rau kev tswj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb |
| TU 1 | +25-40% vs T2 | Siab tshaj purity, nruj tshaj plaws oxygen tswj, qis ntim |
Tus nqi them puas tsim nyog?
| Yog tias koj xav tau ... | Xaiv... | Kev ncaj ncees |
|---|---|---|
| Vuam | T1 or TU2 | T2 ua tsis tiav. Premium yog yuav tsum tau. |
| Hydrogen huab cua | T1 or TU2 | T2 ua tsis tiav. Premium yog yuav tsum tau. |
| Lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum | TU1, TU2, lossis T1 | T2 tsis haum. |
| Qhov siab tshaj plaws purity | TU 1 | Tsuas yog TU1 ua tau raws li qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. |
| General hluav taws xob | T2 | Tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm qib siab dua. |
| Tus nqi -sensitive project | T2 | T1, TU1, TU2 yog overkill. |
Daim ntawv thov
T1 daim ntawv thov (siab-purity oxygen-dawb, tus nqi zoo tshaj plaws rau feem ntau xav tau siv):
High -kawg hluav taws xob busbars thiab switchgear
Welded tooj liab sib dhos
Cryogenic hloov kab thiab khoom siv
Nqus brazing Cheebtsam
High- kawg audio cables
RF thiab EMI shielding
Thaum tshav kub kub exchangers yuav tsum tau welding
T2 daim ntawv thov (tus qauv tooj liab, zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv):
Txheem hluav taws xob busbars (bolted kev sib txuas, tsis muaj vuam)
Grounding strips thiab rods
Cov kav dej thiab fittings
Architectural tooj liab (ru tsev, flashing)
Thaum tshav kub kub exchangers (brazed los yog mechanically assembled, tsis welded)
Stamped thiab tsim qhov chaw uas tsis muaj vuam yuav tsum tau
TU1 daim ntawv thov (ultra- siab purity, zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb):
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor
Ultra{0}} lub tshuab nqus tsev siab
Aerospace thiab tiv thaiv Cheebtsam nrog nruj purity yuav tsum tau
Cov cuab yeej kho mob yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj purity
Cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom siv accelerators
Txhua daim ntawv thov qhov twg 99.99% sib npaug tau teev tseg
TU2 daim ntawv thov (oxygen- pub dawb ntawm tus nqi qis dua TU1):
Nqus brazing (thaum TU1 kim heev)
Welded sib dhos (tib yam kev ua tau zoo li T1)
Hydrogen huab cua siv
Oxygen- qhov yuav tsum tau muaj tooj liab dawb yam tsis muaj TU1 tus nqi them
Hloov rau ASTM C10200 thaum nyiaj txiag teeb meem
TU1 vs T1 qhov twg yog purer
TU1 thiab T1 muaj tib yam tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus (99.97%), tab sis TU1 muaj nruj dua specifications.
| Khoom | T1 | TU 1 | Qhov txawv |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copper min (%) | 99.97 | 99.97 | Ib yam |
| Cov pa oxygen max (ppm) | 20 | 10 | TU1 yog nruj dua |
| Tag nrho impurities max (%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | Ib yam |
| Tus nqi | qis | Siab dua | TU1 raug nqi ntau dua |
Thaum xaiv TU1 dhau T1:
Koj cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb qhia meej yuav tsum tau TU1
Koj xav tau cov pa oxygen hauv qab 10 ppm
Koj ua haujlwm hauv ultra- lub tshuab nqus tsev siab
Koj tab tom ua semiconductor lossis aerospace Cheebtsam
Nyiaj txiag tsis yog thawj qhov kev txhawj xeeb
Thaum T1 txaus:
Kev siv vuam feem ntau (20 ppm oxygen zoo)
Feem ntau lub tshuab nqus tsev brazing (20 ppm tau txais)
Cov khoom siv Cryogenic
High -kawg hluav taws xob
High - suab kawg
TU2 vs T2 qhov twg koj yuav tsum xaiv
| Khoom | TU 2 | T2 |
|---|---|---|
| Copper min (%) | 99.95 | 99.90 |
| Cov ntsiab lus oxygen | <20 ppm (oxygen-free) | 200 -500 ppm (tsis muaj oxygen) |
| Weldability | Zoo heev | pluag |
| Hydrogen embrittlement txaus ntshai | Tsis muaj | Siab |
| Lub tshuab nqus tsev haum | Yog lawm | Tsis muaj |
| Nqe | Siab dua | qis |
Thaum xaiv TU2:
Koj xav tau oxygen - tooj liab dawb
Koj welding tus tooj
Koj daim ntawv thov muaj xws li hydrogen atmospheres
Koj xav tau kev pabcuam lub tshuab nqus tsev
TU1 yog kim heev
Thaum xaiv T2:
Koj tsis xav tau cov pa oxygen -cov khoom pub dawb
Koj daim ntawv thov tsis muaj vuam
Nyiaj txiag yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb
Koj tab tom ua tus qauv busbars lossis grounding Cheebtsam
Ua kom tiav cross reference table Suav tooj liab qib
| Qib Suav | Kev piav qhia | Cu Min | Oxygen- Dawb? | Nyob ze ASTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | High-purity oxygen- dawb | 99.97% | Yog lawm | C10200 |
| T2 | Standard ntshiab tooj liab | 99.90% | Tsis muaj | C11000 |
| T3 | Tsawg-purity tooj liab | 99.70% | Tsis muaj | Tsis muaj |
| TU 1 | Ultra- siab purity oxygen- dawb | 99.97% | Yog (ultra-low O) | C10100 |
| TU 2 | Oxygen-dawb tooj liab | 99.95% | Yog lawm | C10200 |
| TP 1 | Phosphorus deoxidized (tsawg P) | 99.90% | Tsis muaj | C12000 |
| TP 2 | Phosphorus deoxidized (siab P) | 99.90% | Tsis muaj | C12200 |
| Yog tias koj xav tau ... | Xaiv... |
|---|---|
| purity siab tshaj (99.99% sib npaug) | TU 1 |
| Oxygen- pub dawb ntawm tus nqi zoo | T1 or TU2 |
| C10200 sib npaug | T1 or TU2 |
| C11000 sib npaug | T2 |
| C12200 sib npaug (cov kav dej) | TP 2 |
| Vuam | T1, TU 1, TU2 |
| Nqus brazing | TU1, TU2, T1 |
| General busbars | T2 |
FAQ
1. Qhov txawv ntawm T1 thiab TU1 yog dab tsi?
Ob leeg muaj 99.97% cov ntsiab lus tooj liab tsawg kawg, tab sis TU1 muaj kev tswj cov pa oxygen nruj dua: TU1 xav tau cov pa qis dua 10 ppm, thaum T1 tso cai rau 20 ppm. TU1 kuj tseem muaj kev txwv me ntsis ntawm qee qhov impurities. Rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov, T1 yog txaus. Rau kev siv ultra- lub tshuab nqus tsev siab lossis semiconductor, TU1 yuav tsum tau ua.
2. Qhov txawv ntawm T2 thiab TU2 yog dab tsi?
Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv loj. T2 muaj 99.90% tooj liab thiab 200-500 ppm oxygen. Nws tsis yog oxygen -dawb. TU2 muaj 99.95% tooj liab thiab oxygen qis dua 20 ppm. Nws yog tsis muaj oxygen. TU2 welds zoo heev. T2 welds tsis zoo. TU2 muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv hydrogen. T2 tsis yog. Lawv yog cov khoom sib txawv kiag li txawm tias cov npe zoo sib xws.
3. Puas yog TU1 zoo dua T1?
Rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau cov ntsiab lus oxygen qis tshaj plaws, yog. Rau ntau daim ntawv thov, tsis muaj. TU1 raug nqi ntau dua tab sis xa cov txiaj ntsig uas tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb xws li ultra- lub tshuab nqus tsev siab lossis semiconductor manufacturing. Rau vuam, cryogenic, lossis siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob, T1 tsuas yog zoo ntawm tus nqi qis.
4. Puas yog TU2 oxygen-dawb?
Yog lawm, TU2 yog oxygen - tooj liab dawb. Tus qauv xav tau cov ntsiab lus oxygen qis dua 20 ppm. TU2 yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau cov pa oxygen- cov khoom pub dawb ntawm tus nqi qis dua TU1. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau vuam, hydrogen atmospheres, thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum.
5. Qib twg muaj qhov purity siab tshaj?
TU1 muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws purity nrog 99.97% tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus thiab nruj impurity tswj, suav nrog oxygen qis dua 10 ppm. T1 kuj muaj 99.97% tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus tab sis tso cai me ntsis oxygen dua. TU2 muaj 99.95% tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus. T2 muaj 99.90% tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus.
6. Qib twg yog qhov zoo tshaj rau vuam?
T1, TU1, thiab TU2 yog txhua yam zoo rau kev vuam. Lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus oxygen tsawg heev, uas tiv thaiv porosity thiab embrittlement. T2 tsis zoo rau vuam. Rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov vuam, T1 lossis TU2 yog qhov sib npaug zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi.
7. Qib twg uas pheej yig tshaj?
T2 yog qhov pheej yig tshaj ntawm plaub qib. Nws yog tus qauv tooj liab nrog 99.90% purity thiab tsis muaj oxygen -yuav tsum tau dawb. T1 yog kim dua. TU2 kim dua T1. TU1 yog qhov kim tshaj plaws.
8. TU2 puas tuaj yeem hloov T1?
Rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov, yog. TU2 muaj 99.95% tooj liab yam tsawg kawg nkaus piv rau T1's 99.97%. Qhov txawv me me heev. Ob leeg yog cov pa oxygen -dawb. Ob leeg weld zoo heev. Ob leeg muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv hydrogen. TU2 feem ntau pheej yig dua li T1. Rau ntau tus neeg yuav khoom, TU2 yog tus nqi - hloov tau zoo rau T1.
9. T2 puas tuaj yeem hloov TU2?
Tsis yog, tsis yog kiag li. T2 tsis yog oxygen -dawb. Nws muaj 200-500 ppm oxygen. Yog tias koj xav tau cov khoom tsis muaj oxygen (welding, hydrogen cua, nqus), T2 yuav ua tsis tiav. Tsis txhob hloov T2 rau TU2 hauv kev thov kev thov.
