Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tooj liab
Nws yog inevitable rau kab kawm nkag mus rau tooj liab. Vim muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus, lawv yuav tsis yaj nyob rau hauv tooj liab, muaj ib tug kab ntawm cov khoom tov, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov kua, los yog infinite kev sib nrig sib solubility. Cov khoom solubility txo qis heev raws li qhov kub thiab txias, thiab muaj cov theem nyuaj hloov nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem. thiab lwm yam, yog li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom tooj liab sib txawv.
hydrogen
Tus cwj pwm ntawm hydrogen hauv tooj liab yog ib qho kev kawm uas tau kawm. Hydrogen thiab tooj liab tsis tsim hydrides. Lub solubility ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab cov khoom tooj liab nce thaum kub nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kua tooj liab, uas muaj ib tug loj solubility. , thaum lub sij hawm solidification, pores yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov tooj liab, uas ua rau brittleness thiab nto tev ntawm cov khoom tooj liab;
Hauv cov khoom tooj liab, hydrogen muaj nyob hauv lub xeev proton. Cov electrons ntawm hydrogen sau rau S-txheej orbit ntawm tooj liab atoms los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem proton. Txawm hais tias hydrogen tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tooj liab, hydrogen muaj teeb meem rau tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys. Oxygen-muaj tooj liab yuav tsim cov kab nrib pleb thaum annealed hauv hydrogen, uas yog hu ua "hydrogen kab mob". Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas Cu2O + H2 ⇌ 2Cu + H2O cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim, thiab cov dej vapor generated yuav ua rau qhov pores thiab tawg;
Ntau lub ntsiab lus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov solubility ntawm hydrogen hauv tooj liab. Cov ntsiab lus xws li Ni thiab Mn nce lub solubility, thaum cov ntsiab lus xws li P thiab Si txo cov solubility ntawm hydrogen hauv tooj liab. Cov hydrogen nyob rau hauv tus nqi tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev txo lub sijhawm smelting thiab kho qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. cov ntsiab lus, lub yaj nto yog npog nrog charcoal kom txo tau cov ntsiab lus hydrogen hauv tooj liab.
oxygen
Oxygen yog inevitable nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm tooj liab, thiab nws cov cawv kuj tseem ceeb heev. Oxygen tsis tshua muaj cov khoom yaj hauv tooj liab. Nws yog {{0}}.06% ntawm 1065 degree thiab 0.002% (qhov hnyav piv) ntawm 600 degree ; oxygen yog depolarized hauv tooj liab. Tsuas yog tsis yooj yim yaj hauv cov kua, lawv txhua tus muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Cu2O. Copper oxides tsis tau soluble hauv tooj liab thiab nthuav tawm Cu + Cu2O eutectic qauv, muab faib rau ntawm cov ciam teb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv eutectic yog: L muaj cov pa oxygen 0.39% 1065 degree uas muaj cov pa oxygen 0.01% + Cu2O, cov ntsiab lus oxygen hauv hypoeutectic tooj liab yog proportional rau tus nqi ntawm eutectic, thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen hauv tooj liab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov qauv duab hauv qab no. ib microscope.
Cov nyhuv ntawm oxygen rau cov khoom ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys yog complex. Cov pa oxygen tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob conductivity thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm tooj liab. Industrial tooj liab muaj hluav taws xob conductivity siab. Yog vim li cas yog tias oxygen, raws li ib tug detergent, yuav tshem tawm ntau yam ntawm tooj liab. Ua phem impurities nkag mus rau hauv lub slag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxides, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas yuav tshem tawm arsenic, antimony, bismuth thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov conductivity ntawm tooj liab uas muaj me me ntawm cov pa oxygen tuaj yeem ncav cuag 100-103% ± ACS. High-purity tooj liab xws li 6N tooj liab nyob rau hauv cryogenic tej yam kev mob Tus nqi kuj yog heev tsawg.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen ntawm tooj liab siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lub tshuab nqus tsev yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis. Yog vim li cas yog tias lub tshuab nqus tsev hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau muab ntim rau hauv hydrogen. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv tooj liab yuav ua rau cov kab mob hydrogen thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub tshuab nqus tsev siab ntawm cov cuab yeej. Yog li ntawd, tooj liab siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob lub tshuab nqus tsev Cheebtsam yuav tsum Oxygen-dawb tooj liab, Suav teb cov qauv qhia hais tias cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv oxygen-dawb tooj liab yog tsawg tshaj li 20ppm, thiab American ASTM tus qauv qhia tias cov ntsiab lus oxygen yog 3ppm. Txhawm rau tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo electrolytic tooj liab yuav tsum raug xaiv hauv kev tsim cov hlau tsis muaj oxygen. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem smelting Ib tug txo qhov cua yog saws los txhim kho cov saum npoo ntawm lub molten pas dej ua ke, thiab charcoal feem ntau yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv;
Thaum tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys smelted, deoxidation feem ntau yuav tsum tau nqa tawm. Deoxidizers suav nrog phosphorus, boron, magnesium, thiab lwm yam, uas tau ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlau alloys. Phosphorus yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws deoxidizer, tab sis cov seem ntawm phosphorus yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis vim tias nws tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys.
phosphorus
Cov tooj liab-phosphorus binary theem khoom qhia tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv eutectic ntawm 714 degree: L8.4% → 1.75% + Cu3P. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, cov kua dej ntawm phosphorus hauv tooj liab txo qis sai. Ntawm 300 degree, nws yog 0.6%, 0.4% ntawm 200 degree ; phosphorus yaj hauv tooj liab txo nws cov conductivity. Cov conductivity ntawm cov ntaub nplaum mos uas muaj P0.014% yog 94% IACS, thiab cov conductivity ntawm cov ntaub nplaum mos uas muaj P0.14% tsuas yog 45.2%;
Phosphorus yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus nqi qis tshaj deoxidizer. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab mob phosphorus tuaj yeem txhim kho cov dej ntws ntawm cov yaj, txhim kho vuam kev ua tau zoo, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab softening kuj ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys, yog li phosphorus yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys, phosphorus tooj liab alloy muaj P{{1 } }.
Tsawg-phosphorus tooj liab alloy daim hlau thiab strips yog dav siv nyob rau hauv electronics thiab tshuaj industries. Tsawg-phosphorus tooj liab alloys kuj tau siv dav hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau lead ncej tooj liab strips. Phosphorus-tooj liab alloys nrog eutectic muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cov khoom siv vuam zoo heev. High-phosphorus tooj liab alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv Nws muaj superplasticity ntawm 580-620 degree thiab yuav kub-extruded rau hauv φ3-φ5 hli vuam hlau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv rau vuam tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys, steel thiab tooj liab qhov chaw.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam hlau ntawm tooj liab
Magnesium, lithium, thiab calcium tsuas yog soluble hauv tooj liab, thiab manganese thiab tooj liab yog infinitely soluble nyob rau hauv ib leeg. Cov plaub yam no tuaj yeem siv los ua deoxidizers rau tooj liab; manganese tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm tooj liab. Tsawg-manganese tooj liab alloys muaj siab zog thiab corrosion kuj, thiab siv nyob rau hauv chemical engineering. Nws yog siv rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov. Manganese-tooj liab muaj tsawg heev tiv taus kub thiab yog ib qho zoo heev kuj alloy. Vim lub allotropic transformation, theem transformation ntawm tooj liab-manganese alloy nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm lub xeev yog heev nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem, nws muaj amplitude modulation decomposition, crystal transformation thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. , muaj kev vibration thiab suab nrov txo cov khoom, thiab yog ib qho zoo heev damping composite khoom.
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus sawv cev los ntawm cerium yog yuav luag tsis muaj zog-soluble hauv tooj liab. Lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv tooj liab yog metamorphose thiab purify. Lawv tuaj yeem desulfurize thiab deoxidize, thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsiab lus siab-melting-point compounds nrog tsawg-melting-point impurities kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys. Plasticity, ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb mus rau sab saum toj casting hlau dawb tuaj yeem txhim kho cov plasticity thiab txo cov kev ua haujlwm txias.
